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Therefore no relevant customer, defense, dual-use, or operational engagement is authorized by this policy.", "changeControl": "Material changes require a dated public rationale, independent review, and may not be approved by the founder alone.", "correctionPath": "/corrections" } } ], "reviewContract": { "questions": [ { "id": "question-1", "text": "Is each canonical record correctly identified, deduplicated, classified, dated, and scoped?", "required": true }, { "id": "question-2", "text": "Does the selection note explain relevance without automatically treating the resource as claim support?", "required": true }, { "id": "question-3", "text": "Are access, source class, version, retraction, rights, and transfer limits represented accurately?", "required": true } ], "exclusions": [ "Atlas inclusion is not endorsement and does not make a source evidence for a claim.", "Metadata review does not certify the full text, methods, data, or conclusions." ], "requestedScopeCodes": [ "information-science", "systems-engineering" ], "dispositions": [ "approve", "revise", "contest", "reject", "recuse" ], "prohibitedInputs": [ "private legal names or contact details", "identity documents or raw credential files", "accessibility or medical records", "confidential conflict evidence", "classified, export-controlled, proprietary, or exploit material" ], "freshness": { "maximumDecisionAgeFromFreezeDays": 365, "eventOccurrenceRule": "Not applicable to this packet family." }, "completionRule": "Every primary record must receive the required number of valid, current-fingerprint approvals; every complementary scope group and required domain must be covered; any unresolved revise, contest, or reject disposition blocks publication.", "highConsequenceRule": "Named medical, reproductive, nuclear, radiation, cybersecurity, governance, and dual-use conclusions require two distinct qualified independent humans covering complementary domain-method and rights/public-interest scopes." }, "primaryRecords": [ { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19910025494", "title": "The Physical/Chemical Closed-Loop Life Support Research Project", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19910025494", "recordFingerprint": "473f43ade333fadf23aa3db59925a38f61631b7dfdf3594c6f9801c90f5bc572", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19910025494", "title": "The Physical/Chemical Closed-Loop Life Support Research Project", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19910025494", "topic": "life-support", "year": 1990, "publishedAt": "1990-09-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Bilardo, Vincent J., Jr." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "The various elements of the Physical/Chemical Closed-Loop Life Support Research Project (P/C CLLS) are described including both those currently funded and those planned for implementation at ARC and other participating NASA field centers. The plan addresses the entire range of regenerative life support for Space Exploration Initiative mission needs, and focuses initially on achieving technology readiness for the Initial Lunar Outpost by 1995-97. Project elements include water reclamation, air revitalization, solid waste management, thermal and systems control, and systems integration. Current analysis estimates that each occupant of a space habitat will require a total of 32 kg/day of supplies to live and operate comfortably, while an ideal P/C CLLS system capable of 100 percent reclamation of air and water, but excluding recycling of solid wastes or foods, will reduce this requirement to 3.4 kg/day.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1990 conference paper from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “The Physical/Chemical Closed-Loop Life Support Research Project”; its abstract describes The various elements of the Physical/Chemical Closed-Loop Life Support Research Project (P/C CLLS) are described including both those currently funded and those planned for… This materially informs GShips regenerative life support.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "regenerative life support", "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and abstract are open here; full-text methods and results were unavailable for this pass. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20040013505", "title": "Closed-Loop Life Support Systems", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20040013505", "recordFingerprint": "842d2d00c4830bae0878d83a7cee63fa66d5a885a8621f75a78f15e42acc48d4", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20040013505", "title": "Closed-Loop Life Support Systems", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20040013505", "topic": "life-support", "year": 2003, "publishedAt": "2003-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Fisher, John W." ], "publisher": "Ames Research Center", "resourceType": "Preprint (Draft being sent to journal)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Contents include the following: 1. Advanced life support requirements document-high level: (a) high level requirements and standards, (b) advanced life support requirements documents-air, food, water. 2. Example technologies that satisfy requrements: air system-carbon dioxide removal. 3. Air-sabatter. 4. International Space Station water treatment subsystem.5. Direct osmotic concentrator. 6. Mass, volume and power estimates.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2003 preprint (draft being sent to journal) from Ames Research Center specifically covers “Closed-Loop Life Support Systems”; its abstract describes Contents include the following: 1. Advanced life support requirements document-high level: (a) high level requirements and standards, (b) advanced life support requirements… This materially informs GShips regenerative life support.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "regenerative life support", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20060032807", "title": "Hard-real-time resource management for autonomous spacecraft", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20060032807", "recordFingerprint": "22013453aa35c4f16824af7c87912e5f5040681a41ca066ae72233e7760f436b", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20060032807", "title": "Hard-real-time resource management for autonomous spacecraft", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20060032807", "topic": "ai-autonomy", "year": 2000, "publishedAt": "2000-03-18T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Gat, E." ], "publisher": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "resourceType": "Conference Proceedings", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "This paper describes tickets, a computational mechanism for hard-real-time autonomous resource management. Autonomous spacecraftcontrol can be considered abstractly as a computational process whose outputs are spacecraft commands.", "keywords": [ "Computational mechism autonomous spacecraft" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Hard-real-time resource management for autonomous spacecraft” covers Computational mechism autonomous spacecraft; it materially informs GShips work on real time resource management.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "real-time-resource-management", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides metadata and an abstract, not reviewed full text; methods, results, and current applicability remain unverified. Inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20060033036", "title": "Control Architecture for the Deep Space Mission System (DSMS)", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20060033036", "recordFingerprint": "4a14aa266c039d6e9bc521893e593a6d6886d70fd58cc65aa89187fc686757f1", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20060033036", "title": "Control Architecture for the Deep Space Mission System (DSMS)", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20060033036", "topic": "mission-architecture", "year": 2000, "publishedAt": "2000-06-19T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Tai, W.", "Shames, P.", "Schell, R." ], "publisher": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "As NASA moves int an era of flying more missions at much lower cost and shorter development duration, the Deep Space Mission System (DSMS) has been redesigned to provide services to approximately 50 missions during the next 10 years.", "keywords": [ "architecture Deep Space Mission" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated as historical control-architecture context for redesigning a Deep Space Mission System to serve roughly fifty lower-cost, shorter-development missions.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "mission operations", "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and an abstract are available here; architecture details, operational outcomes, and present applicability were not validated. It is historical scale-up context, not claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20090035371", "title": "Analytic Shielding Optimization to Reduce Crew Exposure to Ionizing Radiation Inside Space Vehicles", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20090035371", "recordFingerprint": "6f5fced68f87b1b0cd71f5ce0f66cd4146c2e44cb76067de0b7d91461ddcae21", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20090035371", "title": "Analytic Shielding Optimization to Reduce Crew Exposure to Ionizing Radiation Inside Space Vehicles", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090035371", "topic": "structures-shielding", "year": 2009, "publishedAt": "2009-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Gaza, Razvan", "Cooper, Tim P.", "Hanzo, Arthur", "Hussein, Hesham", "Jarvis, Kandy S.", "Kimble, Ryan", "Lee, Kerry T.", "Patel, Chirag" ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Extended Abstract", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "A sustainable lunar architecture provides capabilities for leveraging out-of-service components for alternate uses. Discarded architecture elements may be used to provide ionizing radiation shielding to the crew habitat in case of a Solar Particle Event. The specific location relative to the vehicle where the additional shielding mass is placed, as corroborated with particularities of the vehicle design, has a large influence on protection gain. This effect is caused by the exponential- like decrease of radiation exposure with shielding mass thickness, which in turn determines that the most benefit from a given amount of shielding mass is obtained by placing it so that it preferentially augments protection in under-shielded areas of the vehicle exposed to the radiation environment. A novel analytic technique to derive an optimal shielding configuration was developed by Lockheed Martin during Design Analysis Cycle 3 (DAC-3) of the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV). [1] Based on a detailed Computer Aided Design (CAD) model of the vehicle including a specific crew positioning scenario, a set of under-shielded vehicle regions can be identified as candidates for placement of additional shielding. Analytic tools are available to allow capturing an idealized supplemental shielding distribution in the CAD environment, which in turn is used as a reference for deriving a realistic shielding configuration from available vehicle components. While the analysis referenced in this communication applies particularly to the Orion vehicle, the general method can be applied to a large range of space exploration vehicles, including but not limited to lunar and Mars architecture components. In addition, the method can be immediately applied for optimization of radiation shielding provided to sensitive electronic components.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for analytical optimization of radiation shielding under mass and geometry constraints, a reusable method for whole-system habitat trades.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "shielding optimization methods", "evidenceBoundary": "The NTRS record describes an optimization method, but assumptions, radiation models, objective functions, and solutions were not independently reproduced. It is method context, not evidence that any resulting shield is adequate." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20110011226", "title": "Space Weather Models and Their Validation and Verification at the CCMC", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20110011226", "recordFingerprint": "932787adad15e288426ea4082810802eda594871bacea2d109e2999fcfcc630b", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20110011226", "title": "Space Weather Models and Their Validation and Verification at the CCMC", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20110011226", "topic": "analogs-verification", "year": 2010, "publishedAt": "2010-07-18T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Hesse, Michael" ], "publisher": "Goddard Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Abstract", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The Community Coordinated l\\lodeling Center (CCMC) is a US multi-agency activity with a dual mission. With equal emphasis, CCMC strives to provide science support to the international space research community through the execution of advanced space plasma simulations, and it endeavors to support the space weather needs of the CS and partners. Space weather support involves a broad spectrum, from designing robust forecasting systems and transitioning them to forecasters, to providing space weather updates and forecasts to NASA's robotic mission operators. All of these activities have to rely on validation and verification of models and their products, so users and forecasters have the means to assign confidence levels to the space weather information. In this presentation, we provide an overview of space weather models resident at CCMC, as well as of validation and verification activities undertaken at CCMC or through the use of CCMC services.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because it documents validation and verification practices for operational space-weather models, relevant to model credibility and radiation-environment decisions.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "verification-and-validation", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this abstract was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20110023074", "title": "Autonomous, In-Flight Crew Health Risk Management for Exploration-Class Missions: Leveraging the Integrated Medical Model for the Exploration Medical System Demonstration Project", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20110023074", "recordFingerprint": "fa6816ba7116e70e0d5152ced4d20a3e3c6f6c7ccf9451d7ac7f226dd5572459", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20110023074", "title": "Autonomous, In-Flight Crew Health Risk Management for Exploration-Class Missions: Leveraging the Integrated Medical Model for the Exploration Medical System Demonstration Project", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20110023074", "topic": "health-medicine", "year": 2011, "publishedAt": "2011-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Butler, D. J.", "Kerstman, E.", "Saile, L.", "Myers, J.", "Walton, M.", "Lopez, V.", "McGrath, T." ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The Integrated Medical Model (IMM) captures organizational knowledge across the space medicine, training, operations, engineering, and research domains. IMM uses this knowledge in the context of a mission and crew profile to forecast risks to crew health and mission success. The IMM establishes a quantified, statistical relationship among medical conditions, risk factors, available medical resources, and crew health and mission outcomes. These relationships may provide an appropriate foundation for developing an in-flight medical decision support tool that helps optimize the use of medical resources and assists in overall crew health management by an autonomous crew with extremely limited interactions with ground support personnel and no chance of resupply.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2011 conference paper from Johnson Space Center specifically covers “Autonomous, In-Flight Crew Health Risk Management for Exploration-Class Missions: Leveraging the Integrated Medical Model for the Exploration Medical System Demonstration Project”; its abstract describes The Integrated Medical Model (IMM) captures organizational knowledge across the space medicine, training, operations, engineering, and research domains. IMM uses this… This materially informs GShips health and autonomous medicine.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "health and autonomous medicine", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20140010449", "title": "America's Next Great Ship: Space Launch System Core Stage Transitioning from Design to Manufacturing", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20140010449", "recordFingerprint": "10116a7250e8c304aff0395985dec41802bdd9b2ec40356ead2d250c93f51db9", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20140010449", "title": "America's Next Great Ship: Space Launch System Core Stage Transitioning from Design to Manufacturing", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20140010449", "topic": "mission-architecture", "year": 2014, "publishedAt": "2014-05-19T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Birkenstock, Benjamin", "Kauer, Roy" ], "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Abstract", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The Space Launch System (SLS) Program is essential to achieving the Nation's and NASA's goal of human exploration and scientific investigation of the solar system. As a multi-element program with emphasis on safety, affordability, and sustainability, SLS is becoming America's next great ship of exploration. The SLS Core Stage includes avionics, main propulsion system, pressure vessels, thrust vector control, and structures. Boeing manufactures and assembles the SLS core stage at the Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF) in New Orleans, LA, a historical production center for Saturn V and Space Shuttle programs. As the transition from design to manufacturing progresses, the importance of a well-executed manufacturing, assembly, and operation (MA&O) plan is crucial to meeting performance objectives. Boeing employs classic techniques such as critical path analysis and facility requirements definition as well as innovative approaches such as Constraint Based Scheduling (CBS) and Cirtical Chain Project Management (CCPM) theory to provide a comprehensive suite of project management tools to manage the health of the baseline plan on both a macro (overall project) and micro level (factory areas). These tools coordinate data from multiple business systems and provide a robust network to support Material & Capacity Requirements Planning (MRP/CRP) and priorities. Coupled with these tools and a highly skilled workforce, Boeing is orchestrating the parallel buildup of five major sub assemblies throughout the factory. Boeing and NASA are transforming MAF to host state of the art processes, equipment and tooling, the most prominent of which is the Vertical Assembly Center (VAC), the largest weld tool in the world. In concert, a global supply chain is delivering a range of structural elements and component parts necessary to enable an on-time delivery of the integrated Core Stage. SLS is on plan to launch humanity into the next phase of space exploration.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for its transition from design to manufacturing of the multi-element SLS core stage, including avionics, propulsion, pressure vessels, structures, production facilities, safety, and affordability framing.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "industrial manufacturing", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but curation used the abstract and metadata rather than auditing manufacturing outcomes or program claims. Launch-stage experience is precursor context, not proof of worldship-scale production." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20150023606", "title": "Swamp Works: A New Approach to Develop Space Mining and Resource Extraction Technologies at the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) Kennedy Space Center (KSC)", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20150023606", "recordFingerprint": "d169d74cfd3cac13f6b15222fa271eac8c9e1dea37d186d22fdb3a01db076d81", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20150023606", "title": "Swamp Works: A New Approach to Develop Space Mining and Resource Extraction Technologies at the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) Kennedy Space Center (KSC)", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20150023606", "topic": "manufacturing-isru", "year": 2015, "publishedAt": "2015-11-04T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Mueller, R. P.", "Sibille, L.", "Leucht, K.", "Smith, J. D.", "Townsend, I. I.", "Nick, A. J.", "Schuler, J. M." ], "publisher": "Kennedy Space Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The first steps for In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) on target bodies such as the Moon, Mars and Near Earth Asteroids (NEA), and even comets, involve the same sequence of steps as in the terrestrial mining of resources. First exploration including prospecting must occur, and then the resource must be acquired through excavation methods if it is of value. Subsequently a load, haul and dump sequence of events occurs, followed by processing of the resource in an ISRU plant, to produce useful commodities. While these technologies and related supporting operations are mature in terrestrial applications, they will be different in space since the environment and indigenous materials are different than on Earth. In addition, the equipment must be highly automated, since for the majority of the production cycle time, there will be no humans present to assist or intervene. This space mining equipment must withstand a harsh environment which includes vacuum, radical temperature swing cycles, highly abrasive lofted dust, electrostatic effects, van der Waals forces effects, galactic cosmic radiation, solar particle events, high thermal gradients when spanning sunlight terminators, steep slopes into craters / lava tubes and cryogenic temperatures as low as 40 K in permanently shadowed regions. In addition the equipment must be tele-operated from Earth or a local base where the crew is sheltered. If the tele-operation occurs from Earth then significant communications latency effects mandate the use of autonomous control systems in the mining equipment. While this is an extremely challenging engineering design scenario, it is also an opportunity, since the technologies developed in this endeavor could be used in the next generations of terrestrial mining equipment, in order to mine deeper, safer, more economical and with a higher degree of flexibility. New space technologies could precipitate new mining solutions here on Earth. The NASA KSC Swamp Works is an innovation environment and methodology, with associated laboratories that uses lean development methods and creativity-enhancing processes to invent and develop new solutions for space exploration. This paper will discuss the Swamp Works approach to developing space mining and resource extraction systems and the vision of space development it serves. The ultimate goal of the Swamp Works is to expand human civilization into the solar system via the use of local resources utilization. By mining and using the local resources in situ, it is conceivable that one day the logistics supply train from Earth can be eliminated and Earth independence of a space-based community will be enabled.", "keywords": [ "Resource Extraction", "Technologies", "Space Mining" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because the Swamp Works paper connects prospecting, excavation, haulage, processing, and technology-development practice for lunar, Martian, asteroid, and comet resources.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "manufacturing and ISRU", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but curation relied on record metadata and abstract; terrestrial mining maturity does not validate extraterrestrial integration, economics, or safety. This is context, not claim evidence or independent review." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20170009480", "title": "Earth to Orbit Beamed Energy Experiment", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20170009480", "recordFingerprint": "bb9e51019fc6632ef1466799faeb1343db902599ae3fe8f13c922bafa070fd1e", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20170009480", "title": "Earth to Orbit Beamed Energy Experiment", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20170009480", "topic": "propulsion", "year": 2017, "publishedAt": "2017-09-25T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Johnson, Les", "Montgomery, Edward E." ], "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "As a means of primary propulsion, beamed energy propulsion offers the benefit of offloading much of the propulsion system mass from the vehicle, increasing its potential performance and freeing it from the constraints of the rocket equation. For interstellar missions, beamed energy propulsion is arguably the most viable in the near- to mid-term. A near-term demonstration showing the feasibility of beamed energy propulsion is necessary and, fortunately, feasible using existing technologies. Key enabling technologies are large area, low mass spacecraft and efficient and safe high power laser systems capable of long distance propagation. NASA is currently developing the spacecraft technology through the Near Earth Asteroid Scout solar sail mission and has signed agreements with the Planetary Society to study the feasibility of precursor laser propulsion experiments using their LightSail-2 solar sail spacecraft. The capabilities of Space Situational Awareness assets and the advanced analytical tools available for fine resolution orbit determination now make it possible to investigate the practicalities of an Earth-to-orbit Beamed Energy eXperiment (EBEX) - a demonstration at delivered power levels that only illuminate a spacecraft without causing damage to it. The degree to which this can be expected to produce a measurable change in the orbit of a low ballistic coefficient spacecraft is investigated. Key system characteristics and estimated performance are derived for a near term mission opportunity involving the LightSail-2 spacecraft and laser power levels modest in comparison to those proposed previously. While the technology demonstrated by such an experiment is not sufficient to enable an interstellar precursor mission, if approved, then it would be the next step toward that goal.", "keywords": [ " CubeSat", " Beamed Energ", "Space Exploration" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for a near-term Earth-to-orbit experiment intended to test low-mass vehicles, high-power lasers, beam safety, and beamed-energy propulsion integration.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "beamed-energy propulsion", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but a proposed experiment does not validate safe atmospheric beam propagation or interstellar propulsion. It is precursor context only, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20190025283", "title": "In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) Living off the Land on the Moon and Mars", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20190025283", "recordFingerprint": "56e2ff305fced5067aea0934d83fa918ab6c22e4dd75edf93f0a5515c48dbe2b", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20190025283", "title": "In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) Living off the Land on the Moon and Mars", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20190025283", "topic": "manufacturing-isru", "year": 2019, "publishedAt": "2019-03-21T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Green, Robert D.", "Kleinhenz, Julie E." ], "publisher": "Glenn Research Center", "resourceType": "Presentation", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) is the concept of using local resources at various destinations to provide products and services for robotic and human explorers. This idea of 'living off the land' has the potential of reducing reliance on earth to supply mission consumables such as propellants and life support consumables. Local resources include: water, oxygen, and metals within the surface soil material (regolith), atmospheric gases (eg CO2 on Mars), and the regolith material itself. ISRU systems involve physically and chemically extracting these resources and converting them into desired products.", "keywords": [ "In-situ resource utilization", "Mars" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2019 presentation from Glenn Research Center specifically covers “In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) Living off the Land on the Moon and Mars”; its abstract describes In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) is the concept of using local resources at various destinations to provide products and services for robotic and human explorers. This… This materially informs GShips manufacturing and ISRU.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "manufacturing and ISRU", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20240015462", "title": "Artificial Intelligence Workshop Report", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20240015462", "recordFingerprint": "e196cf5a9c57a239db169cfe309cac8715a64258d9b95ab001e43ce910ec9e2b", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20240015462", "title": "Artificial Intelligence Workshop Report", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20240015462", "topic": "ai-autonomy", "year": 2024, "publishedAt": "2024-03-01T05:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Manil Maskey" ], "publisher": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "resourceType": "Other - Workshop Report", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The 4th NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD) Artificial Intelligence (AI) Workshop, held during March 25-27, 2024, in Huntsville, AL, highlighted the significant potential of AI and machine learning (ML) in scientific research and processes. The workshop, supported by the NASA Office of Chief Science Data Officer (OCSDO), emphasized the critical role of foundation models (FMs) and large language models (LLMs) in advancing scientific disciplines. The event brought together domain scientists, computer scientists, AI experts, program managers, program scientists, and industry partners to address key challenges and explore opportunities in applying these advanced technologies.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this NASA SMD workshop report maps AI/ML opportunities, barriers, responsible-use concerns, and research coordination relevant to an evidence-bounded offline AI program.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "ai-program-landscape", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this other - workshop report was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20260000331", "title": "Apollo 11 Lunar Module Touchdown Dynamics Reconstruction Verification and Validation for Human Landing Systems", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20260000331", "recordFingerprint": "00245540e260e9e958e6bac0cfc45bc3287208d378ec0efb86ab0ad2e415e5b7", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20260000331", "title": "Apollo 11 Lunar Module Touchdown Dynamics Reconstruction Verification and Validation for Human Landing Systems", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20260000331", "topic": "analogs-verification", "year": 2026, "publishedAt": "2026-01-30T06:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Rekesh M Ali", "Adam C Slagle", "Alessandro Mordasiewicz", "Juan Orphee", "Peter J McDonough" ], "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "This paper presents an updated high-fidelity lunar landing dynamics simulation test bed developed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in support of the Human Landing System (HLS) program, with verification support from NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC). The MSFC GeneraLized Aerospace Simulation in Simulink® (GLASS) program uses MATLAB®/Simulink® and Simscape™ Multibody™ to model detailed contact dynamics of lunar regolith, shock absorbers, footpads, and multibody linkages, laying the groundwork for in\u0002tegrated analyses incorporating in-the-loop guidance, navigation, and control sys\u0002tems. For validation, the simulation focuses on pure landing dynamics and is benchmarked against Apollo 11 flight data and independent modern reconstructions.\n\nThe GLASS simulation demonstrates excellent agreement with historical Apollo data, validating the approach against real-world landing dynamics. Further, strong correlation between the MSFC and LaRC simulation results across different plat\u0002forms provides verification of the modeling methodology. This collaborative ef\u0002fort establishes confidence in the simulation framework and provides a solid foun\u0002dation for comprehensive HLS system analysis. The paper details the modeling methodology, validation against Apollo data, and verification through comparison with Zupp’s reconstruction and LaRC’s MSC Automated Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems (Adams) reconstruction results.", "keywords": [ "Shock Absorbers", "Dampers", "Struts", "Linkages", "Multibody", "Contact", "Regolith", "Touchdown", "Lunar Landing", "Artemis", "Apollo", "Apollo 11", "Human Landing Systems", "HLS" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Apollo 11 Lunar Module Touchdown Dynamics Reconstruction Verification and Validation for Human Landing Systems” covers Shock Absorbers, Dampers, Struts, Linkages; it materially informs GShips work on verification and validation.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "verification-and-validation", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this conference paper was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "reviewed-source-src-ak-nist-digital-twin-8356", "title": "Security and Trust Considerations for Digital Twin Technology", "publicPath": "/atlas/reviewed-source-src-ak-nist-digital-twin-8356", "recordFingerprint": "dc83084c18ee9703fdec51f359c5636f7c2ba664d7aa52465ebae514ad0d97ad", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "reviewed-source-src-ak-nist-digital-twin-8356", "title": "Security and Trust Considerations for Digital Twin Technology", "url": "https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8356", "topic": "reviewed-claim-source", "year": 2025, "authors": [ "Jeff Voas", "Peter Mell", "Phillip Laplante", "Vartan Piroumian" ], "publisher": "NIST", "resourceType": "government-digital-twin-trust-report", "access": "official or primary link", "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Digital-twin concepts, components, operations, use scenarios, applications, cybersecurity considerations, and trust limitations; does not define or certify a universal digital twin.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "evidenceBoundary": "This stable source is used by at least one editorially assessed claim. Its claim-specific relation and locator—not Atlas inclusion—define the evidence use; independent domain review remains pending." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "reviewed-source-src-ak-unesco-ai-ethics", "title": "Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence", "publicPath": "/atlas/reviewed-source-src-ak-unesco-ai-ethics", "recordFingerprint": "12e86590d076bea00a5b56a22ead5ee165080b1d039645dd2b77752116e7636a", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "reviewed-source-src-ak-unesco-ai-ethics", "title": "Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence", "url": "https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/recommendation-ethics-artificial-intelligence?hub=1063", "topic": "reviewed-claim-source", "year": 2021, "authors": [ "UNESCO General Conference" ], "publisher": "UNESCO", "resourceType": "intergovernmental-normative-recommendation", "access": "official or primary link", "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Normative values, principles, and policy actions concerning human dignity, rights, proportionality, safety, fairness, privacy, oversight, responsibility, transparency, governance, and ethical impact.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "evidenceBoundary": "This stable source is used by at least one editorially assessed claim. 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