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Foundation records and outlines may not be represented as independently reviewed.", "reviewerSelection": [ "Publish the reviewer’s name, relevant credentials or lived expertise, review scope, compensation status, and declared conflicts with consent.", "Select for the actual claim domain rather than general prestige; include affected-community and disability-led expertise where rights or access are involved.", "Do not treat an employee, investor, customer, sponsor, source author, or directly supervised collaborator as independent for the affected claim." ], "reviewProcess": [ "Provide the exact claim, sources, locators, assumptions, counterevidence, transfer limits, and proposed evidence dimensions.", "Record approve, revise, contest, or reject at claim level; silence and event attendance never count as review.", "Publish material minority findings and the editor’s reasoned response.", "High-consequence medical, reproductive, nuclear, radiation, cybersecurity, governance, and dual-use claims require two qualified independent reviewers with complementary scopes.", "A reviewer may recuse at any time; unresolved conflicts or missing expertise block the reviewed label." ], "appealAndCorrection": [ "A correction receives a reference identifier and triage record; safety-critical allegations receive priority.", "A material editorial decision may be appealed to a reviewer not involved in the original decision once such a panel exists.", "Substantive reversals, unresolved disputes, and removed conclusions receive a dated public record that protects reporter privacy.", "No sponsor, customer, founder, or reviewer may purchase, suppress, or unilaterally assign an evidence grade." ], "publicationGate": "Public 1.0 requires named review coverage across every Academy track, documented high-consequence two-person review, a material-corrections log, reviewer conflict records, and an operating appeal path.", "correctionPath": "/corrections" } }, { "id": "policy-dual-use-001", "version": "0.1.0", "path": "/dual-use", "recordType": "governing-policy", "fingerprint": "81637e2849f9c0866d23f7174eb9a2ce522b86313167ebf5022fca122d6e506c", "snapshot": { "id": "policy-dual-use-001", "version": "0.1.0", "status": "planned-controls-not-yet-operational", "adoptedForFoundation": "2026-07-25", "title": "Civil, defensive, and rights-preserving use boundary", "summary": "GShips may research safety, resilience, logistics, communications, recovery, and cyber defense only within explicit end-use, rights, and independent-review controls. 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Public non-actionable education still follows prohibited-content and sensitive-publication controls.", "allowedInPrinciple": [ "Safety engineering and independently assessed protection", "Resilience, graceful degradation, recovery, and disaster response", "Civil logistics, maintenance, communications, and knowledge continuity", "Cyber defense, secure software, incident response, and recovery", "Rights-preserving health, accessibility, ecology, education, and governance research" ], "prohibited": [ "Identification, tracking, prioritization, or engagement of people or assets for force, weapons, repression, or offensive operations; safety navigation, astronomy, collision avoidance, search and rescue, and independently governed planetary defense are not prohibited by this clause", "Weapons command-and-control or targeting support", "Offensive access, persistence, exploitation, or destructive cyber payloads", "Mass surveillance, biometric repression, or political-control systems", "Autonomous force application", "Coercive reproductive, medical, genetic, disability, or civic control", "Nonconsensual experimentation or treating residents as research instruments" ], "reviewRequiredBeforeAnyRelevantWork": [ "Customer, funder, collaborator, jurisdiction, beneficial-owner, and end-use screening", "Export-control and sanctions review by qualified counsel when applicable", "Written scope, allowed-use, prohibited-use, audit, termination, and incident clauses", "Independent stop-work authority with a named alternate and founder recusal", "Sensitive-publication and information-hazard review", "Whistleblowing, escalation, incident response, appeal, and anti-retaliation paths", "Aggregate transparency reporting that protects legitimate privacy and security" ], "currentBoundary": "No screening body, independent stop-work authority, contractual controls, or appeal body currently exists. Therefore no relevant customer, defense, dual-use, or operational engagement is authorized by this policy.", "changeControl": "Material changes require a dated public rationale, independent review, and may not be approved by the founder alone.", "correctionPath": "/corrections" } } ], "reviewContract": { "questions": [ { "id": "question-1", "text": "Is each canonical record correctly identified, deduplicated, classified, dated, and scoped?", "required": true }, { "id": "question-2", "text": "Does the selection note explain relevance without automatically treating the resource as claim support?", "required": true }, { "id": "question-3", "text": "Are access, source class, version, retraction, rights, and transfer limits represented accurately?", "required": true } ], "exclusions": [ "Atlas inclusion is not endorsement and does not make a source evidence for a claim.", "Metadata review does not certify the full text, methods, data, or conclusions." ], "requestedScopeCodes": [ "information-science", "systems-engineering" ], "dispositions": [ "approve", "revise", "contest", "reject", "recuse" ], "prohibitedInputs": [ "private legal names or contact details", "identity documents or raw credential files", "accessibility or medical records", "confidential conflict evidence", "classified, export-controlled, proprietary, or exploit material" ], "freshness": { "maximumDecisionAgeFromFreezeDays": 365, "eventOccurrenceRule": "Not applicable to this packet family." }, "completionRule": "Every primary record must receive the required number of valid, current-fingerprint approvals; every complementary scope group and required domain must be covered; any unresolved revise, contest, or reject disposition blocks publication.", "highConsequenceRule": "Named medical, reproductive, nuclear, radiation, cybersecurity, governance, and dual-use conclusions require two distinct qualified independent humans covering complementary domain-method and rights/public-interest scopes." }, "primaryRecords": [ { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "core-01-2", "title": "World Ships: Feasibility and Rationale", "publicPath": "/atlas/core-01-2", "recordFingerprint": "ed8e7d1733f7b57b5728d1a371c5f527435d550cf86105c910861b30b3d0688f", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "core-01-2", "title": "World Ships: Feasibility and Rationale", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04100", "topic": "mission-architecture", "year": null, "authors": [], "publisher": "Peer-reviewed synthesis", "resourceType": "Peer-reviewed synthesis", "access": "official link", "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "selectionNote": "Inspected as a core capability-area source. Inclusion supplies context; it is not automatically evidence for a provisional claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19630028484", "title": "FEASIBILITY OF INTERSTELLAR TRAVEL", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19630028484", "recordFingerprint": "d3aaf7aba3d2d3cba44d310bede9b71a711ecac1e668c880292f253c022523e0", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19630028484", "title": "FEASIBILITY OF INTERSTELLAR TRAVEL", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19630028484", "topic": "ethics-alternatives", "year": 1963, "publishedAt": "1963-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Jaffe, L. D.", "Spencer, D. F." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "Interstellar travel using nuclear energy supported by equations for single-stage and multistage rocket propulsion and examples of velocities and transit times", "keywords": [ "MULTISTAGE ROCKET", "NUCLEAR ENERGY", "SPACE FLIGHT", "INTERSTELLAR TRAVEL", "SINGLE-STAGE ROCKET" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1963 reprint (version printed in journal) from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “FEASIBILITY OF INTERSTELLAR TRAVEL”; its abstract describes Interstellar travel using nuclear energy supported by equations for single-stage and multistage rocket propulsion and examples of velocities and transit times This materially informs GShips ethics and alternatives.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "ethics and alternatives", "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and abstract are open here; full-text methods and results were unavailable for this pass. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19660036783", "title": "Is interstellar travel possible/ques/", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19660036783", "recordFingerprint": "cca62681b8fa3bda4974274fbb4dace7e74d31d81ce62b6c4d34ddd22ab37beb", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19660036783", "title": "Is interstellar travel possible/ques/", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19660036783", "topic": "ethics-alternatives", "year": 1964, "publishedAt": "1964-12-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Oepik, E. J." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "Interstellar travel using ramjet technique and interstellar gas in conjunction with nuclear fusion", "keywords": [ "INTERSTELLAR TRAVEL", "RAMJET ENGINE" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1964 reprint (version printed in journal) from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “Is interstellar travel possible/ques/”; its abstract describes Interstellar travel using ramjet technique and interstellar gas in conjunction with nuclear fusion This materially informs GShips ethics and alternatives.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "ethics and alternatives", "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and abstract are open here; full-text methods and results were unavailable for this pass. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19840015024", "title": "Behavioral biology of mammalian reproduction and development for a space station", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19840015024", "recordFingerprint": "f9af8653d676f21220058805e9157b9b3f0a63bd83f87afe970e49ef1614343f", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19840015024", "title": "Behavioral biology of mammalian reproduction and development for a space station", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19840015024", "topic": "reproduction-genetics", "year": 1983, "publishedAt": "1983-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Alberts, J. R." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Contractor Report (CR)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Space Station research includes two kinds of adaption to space: somatic (the adjustments made by an organism, within its lifetime, in response to local conditions), and transgenerational adaption (continuous exposure across sequential life cycles of genetic descendents). Transgenerational effects are akin to evolutionary process. Areas of a life Sciences Program in a space station address the questions of the behavioral biology of mammalian reproduction and development, using the Norway rat as the focus of experimentation.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for an early behavioral-biology framing of mammalian transgenerational adaptation to spaceflight, a historically important statement of the multigenerational research problem.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "transgenerational adaptation research", "evidenceBoundary": "This is old, proposal-oriented context and does not establish adaptation, safety, heritability, or acceptable ethics. Full methods and outcomes were not validated; it is not reproductive or medical claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19850018292", "title": "The Controlled Ecological Life Support System", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19850018292", "recordFingerprint": "bf590d96b71b06829bff75ec8de91c1d6bede89654ba33c5a59ff3a54360d538", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19850018292", "title": "The Controlled Ecological Life Support System", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19850018292", "topic": "ecology-food", "year": 1985, "publishedAt": "1985-04-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Ko, K." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Other - Other", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "A Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) is needed which would convert waste water to usable water, waste products to food, and CO2 to O2 to permit long duration space flight. Algae, representing the autotroph, and mice, representing the heterotroph are placed together in a controlled, gas closed environment to examine the gas exchange rate of O2 and CO2. The eventual goal is to develop biological controls that can stabilize atmospheres.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1985 other - other from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “The Controlled Ecological Life Support System”; its abstract describes A Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) is needed which would convert waste water to usable water, waste products to food, and CO2 to O2 to permit long duration… This materially informs GShips closed ecology and food.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "closed ecology and food", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19860053431", "title": "On the question of interstellar travel", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19860053431", "recordFingerprint": "a2761be25acb36ffd70082faae33c3601ae348752e1c8d187246ff7fe56edb06", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19860053431", "title": "On the question of interstellar travel", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19860053431", "topic": "ethics-alternatives", "year": 1985, "publishedAt": "1985-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Wolfe, J. H." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "Arguments are presented which show that motives for interstellar travel by advanced technological civilizations based on an extrapolation of earth's history may be quite invalid. In addition, it is proposed that interstellar travel is so enormously expensive and perhaps so hazardous, that advanced civilizations do not engage in such practices because of the ease of information transfer via interstellar communication.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1985 conference paper from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “On the question of interstellar travel”; its abstract describes Arguments are presented which show that motives for interstellar travel by advanced technological civilizations based on an extrapolation of earth's history may be quite… This materially informs GShips ethics and alternatives.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "ethics and alternatives", "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and abstract are open here; full-text methods and results were unavailable for this pass. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20040087748", "title": "Exercise load index and changes in body weight during long-duration confinement in an isolated environment", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20040087748", "recordFingerprint": "81aba3285c11d49aefc7489e802de4be993004dc74335df88872c08a58067700", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20040087748", "title": "Exercise load index and changes in body weight during long-duration confinement in an isolated environment", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20040087748", "topic": "human-factors", "year": 2003, "publishedAt": "2003-04-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Kraft, Norbert O.", "Lyons, Terence J.", "Binder, Heidi", "Inoue, Natsuhiko", "Ohshima, Hiroshi", "Sekiguchi, Chiharu" ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "PURPOSE: The objectives of this project were to investigate exercise load and body weight related to long-duration confinement in a closed environment simulating ISS flight conditions, and to evaluate subjects' motivation to continue the experiment and their adaptation to isolation. METHODS: Four Russian male subjects participated in a 240-d experiment (Group I), and four subjects (three male subjects and one female subject) from Austria, Canada, Japan, and Russia participated in a 110-d experiment (Group II). Exercise load was estimated during confinement using a modified Rating of Perceived Exertion scale. Free reports were used to determine subjects' motivation. Body weight was measured before, during, and after confinement. RESULTS: Group I achieved their lowest exercise loads during their first month of isolation; problems with adaptation to the isolation environment were also reported during this first month. Group II exercise load was significantly lower in the second month due to crewmember problems; loss of motivation could be noted from their free reports. The subject with the lowest exercise load retired from the isolation experiment earlier than scheduled. Exercise load was not correlated with prior exercise habits. Significant differences in body weight was observed between group I and II and between Russian and non-Russian subjects. One subject in Group I experienced a significant increase in his body weight. CONCLUSION: Exercise load may be a good indicator for adaptation problems and motivation changes in closed environments. Immobility, lack of space, and smoking cessation in general did not induce significant body weight changes.", "keywords": [ "Exercise/physiology", "Space Simulation", "Space Flight", "Body Weight", "Male", "Adaptation, Physiological", "Time Factors", "Smoking Cessation", "Human", "Immobilization", "Adult", "Middle Aged", "Motivation" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2003 reprint (version printed in journal) from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “Exercise load index and changes in body weight during long-duration confinement in an isolated environment”; its abstract describes PURPOSE: The objectives of this project were to investigate exercise load and body weight related to long-duration confinement in a closed environment simulating ISS flight… This materially informs GShips human factors and habitability.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "human factors and habitability", "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and abstract are open here; full-text methods and results were unavailable for this pass. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20050000880", "title": "Reproduction in the space environment: Part I. Animal reproductive studies", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20050000880", "recordFingerprint": "7920b65588617e13c9f799b1e388f0ae83186a0fecc5ef2c88ca5a0efeede3c1", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20050000880", "title": "Reproduction in the space environment: Part I. Animal reproductive studies", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050000880", "topic": "reproduction-genetics", "year": 1990, "publishedAt": "1990-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Santy, P. A.", "Jennings, R. T.", "Craigie, D." ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "Mankind's exploration and colonization of the frontier of space will ultimately depend on men's and women's ability to live, work, and reproduce in the space environment. This paper reviews animal studies, from microorganisms to mammals, done in space or under space-simulated conditions, which identify some of the key areas which might interfere with human reproductive physiology and/or embryonic development. Those space environmental factors which impacted almost all species included: microgravity, artificial gravity, radiation, and closed life support systems. These factors may act independently and in combination to produce their effects. To date, there have been no studies which have looked at the entire process of reproduction in any animal species. This type of investigation will be critical in understanding and preventing the problems which will affect human reproduction. Part II will discuss these problems directly as they relate to human physiology.", "keywords": [ "Review, Tutorial", "NASA Center JSC", "NASA Discipline General Space Life Sciences", "Review", "Reproduction", "Extraterrestrial Environment", "Coturnix", "Female", "Insects/physiology", "Human", "Male", "Space Flight", "Animals", "Anura/physiology", "Killifishes/physiology", "Mice", "Rats", "Protozoa/physiology", "Chick Embryo" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for a review of animal reproductive studies in spaceflight and altered gravity, exposing how little evidence spans complete mammalian lifecycles.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "animal reproduction in space", "evidenceBoundary": "The review is dated and this curation did not independently assess all cited experiments or human translation. It is high-consequence evidence-gap context, not reproductive or medical guidance." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20060010528", "title": "Human Factors in Space Flight", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20060010528", "recordFingerprint": "f0113b49db230a5f4c2e5b97219fad6017f28ea3b9a1540070d85b0d9b0ed567", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20060010528", "title": "Human Factors in Space Flight", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20060010528", "topic": "human-factors", "year": 2005, "publishedAt": "2005-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Woolford, Barbara J.", "Mount, Frances" ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Preprint (Draft being sent to journal)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "After forty years of experience with human space flight (Table 1), the current emphasis is on the design of space vehicles, habitats, and missions to ensure mission success. What lessons have we learned that will affect the design of spacecraft for future space exploration, leading up to exploring Mars? This chapter addresses this issue in four sections: Anthropometry and Biomechanics; Environmental Factors; Habitability and Architecture; and Crew Personal Sustenance. This introductory section introduces factors unique to space flight. A unique consideration for design of a habitable volume in a space vehicle is the lack of gravity during a space flight, referred to as microgravity. This affects all aspects of life, and drives special features in the habitat, equipment, tools, and procedures. The difference in gravity during a space mission requires designing for posture and motion differences. In Earth s gravity, or even with partial gravity, orientation is not a variable because the direction in which gravity acts defines up and down. In a microgravity environment the working position is arbitrary; there is no gravity cue. Orientation is defined primarily through visual cues. The orientation within a particular crew station or work area is referred to as local vertical, and should be consistent within a module to increase crew productivity. Equipment was intentionally arranged in various orientations in one module on Skylab to assess the efficiency in use of space versus the effects of inconsistent layout. The effects of that arrangement were confusion on entering the module, time spent in re-orientation, and conflicts in crew space requirements when multiple crew members were in the module. Design of a space vehicle is constrained by the three major mission drivers: mass, volume and power. Each of these factors drives the cost of a mission. Mass and volume determine the size of the launch vehicle directly; they can limit consumables such as air, water, and propellant; and they impact crew size and the types of activities the crew performs. Power is a limiting factor for a space vehicle. All environmental features (e.g., atmosphere, temperature, lighting) require power to maintain them. Power can be generated from batteries, from fuel cells, or from solar panels. Each of these sources requires lifting mass and volume from Earth, driving mission cost. All engineering decisions directly impact the design for habitation design and usage. For instance, if fuel cells are used they produce water, which is used for drinking and food preparation. If a different power source is used water has to be carried and stored on the vehicle which then directly impacts the food system choice as well as the launch weight of the vehicle.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2005 preprint (draft being sent to journal) from Johnson Space Center specifically covers “Human Factors in Space Flight”; its abstract describes After forty years of experience with human space flight (Table 1), the current emphasis is on the design of space vehicles, habitats, and missions to ensure mission… This materially informs GShips human factors and habitability.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "human factors and habitability", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20070001123", "title": "Stennis Space Center Verification & Validation Capabilities", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20070001123", "recordFingerprint": "c41e3d13ff8ca98cfe26c0381b4d07d95c395a40e3d5b93ee5c118de74885cf8", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20070001123", "title": "Stennis Space Center Verification & Validation Capabilities", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20070001123", "topic": "analogs-verification", "year": 2005, "publishedAt": "2005-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Pagnutti, Mary", "Ryan, Robert E.", "Holekamp, Kara", "ONeal, Duane", "Knowlton, Kelly", "Ross, Kenton", "Blonski, Slawomir" ], "publisher": "Stennis Space Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Scientists within NASA s Applied Sciences Directorate have developed a well-characterized remote sensing Verification & Validation (V&V) site at the John C. Stennis Space Center (SSC). This site enables the in-flight characterization of satellite and airborne high spatial and moderate resolution remote sensing systems and their products. The smaller scale of the newer high resolution remote sensing systems allows scientists to characterize geometric, spatial, and radiometric data properties using a single V&V site. The targets and techniques used to characterize data from these newer systems can differ significantly from the techniques used to characterize data from the earlier, coarser spatial resolution systems. Scientists are also using the SSC V&V site to characterize thermal infrared systems and active lidar systems. SSC employs geodetic targets, edge targets, radiometric tarps, atmospheric monitoring equipment, and thermal calibration ponds to characterize remote sensing data products. The SSC Instrument Validation Lab is a key component of the V&V capability and is used to calibrate field instrumentation and to provide National Institute of Standards and Technology traceability. This poster presents a description of the SSC characterization capabilities and examples of calibration data.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because it inventories Stennis verification and validation capabilities; use is limited to the concrete facilities and methods described, not a universal assurance result.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "verification-and-validation", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this conference paper was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20110015273", "title": "Human Research Program Integrated Research Plan", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20110015273", "recordFingerprint": "1956290d2468b296a32b6d76194015adb40cd13434bba715cfdbce8441e44b99", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20110015273", "title": "Human Research Program Integrated Research Plan", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20110015273", "topic": "health-medicine", "year": 2011, "publishedAt": "2011-06-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Steinberg, Susan" ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Other", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Crew health and performance are critical to successful human exploration beyond low Earth orbit. The Human Research Program (HRP) is essential to enabling extended periods of space exploration because it provides knowledge and tools to mitigate risks to human health and performance. Risks include physiological effects from radiation and hypogravity environments, as well as unique challenges in medical support, human factors, and behavioral or psychological factors. The Human Research Program (HRP) delivers human health and performance countermeasures, knowledge, technologies and tools to enable safe, reliable, and productive human space exploration. Without HRP results, NASA will face unknown and unacceptable risks for mission success and post-mission crew health. This Integrated Research Plan (IRP) describes (1) HRP's approach and research activities that are intended to address the needs of human space exploration and serve HRP customers and (2) the method of integration for risk mitigation. The scope of the IRP is limited to the activities that can be conducted with the resources available to the HRP; it does not contain activities that would be performed if additional resources were available. The timescale of human space exploration is envisioned to take many decades. The IRP illustrates the program s research plan through the timescale of early lunar missions of extended duration.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2011 other from Johnson Space Center specifically covers “Human Research Program Integrated Research Plan”; its abstract describes Crew health and performance are critical to successful human exploration beyond low Earth orbit. The Human Research Program (HRP) is essential to enabling extended periods… This materially informs GShips health and autonomous medicine.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "health and autonomous medicine", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20160001412", "title": "The Nexus for Exoplanet System Science", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20160001412", "recordFingerprint": "2050ffc40409fc605dba6dbd2bd92ef978ed5f844fa5c7f714e55ca06af510e3", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20160001412", "title": "The Nexus for Exoplanet System Science", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20160001412", "topic": "destinations-astrobiology", "year": 2016, "publishedAt": "2016-01-04T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Batalha, Natalie Marie", "Gelino, Dawn", "Del Genio, Tony" ], "publisher": "Goddard Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Presentation", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "NExSS is a research coordination network dedicated to the study of planetary habitability. A NASA cross-division initiative bringing astrophysicists, planetary scientists, Earth scientists, and heliophysicists together to bring a systems science approach to this problem. NExSS's goals being to investigate the diversity of planets, understanding how planet history, geology, and climate interact to create the conditions for life. Also, to put planets into an architectural context as stellar systems built over time by dynamical processes and sculpted by stars. Use experience from solar system (including Earth) history to identify where habitable niches are most likely to occur and which planets are most likely to be habitable. Leverage NASA investments in research and missions to accelerate discovery and characterization of potential life-bearing worlds.", "keywords": [ "coordination", "planets", "habitability" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “The Nexus for Exoplanet System Science” covers coordination, planets, habitability; it materially informs GShips work on astrobiology research coordination.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "astrobiology-research-coordination", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this presentation was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20180002177", "title": "An Integrated Science Glovebox for the Gateway Habitat", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20180002177", "recordFingerprint": "ced63061dd16cec3a499f6d6f9e734e4974b01acc76013663c05c968cbad73aa", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20180002177", "title": "An Integrated Science Glovebox for the Gateway Habitat", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180002177", "topic": "analogs-verification", "year": 2018, "publishedAt": "2018-02-27T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Calaway, M. J.", "Evans, C. A.", "Garrison, D. H.", "Bell, M. S." ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Next generation habitats for deep space exploration of cislunar space, the Moon, and ultimately Mars will benefit from on-board glovebox capability. Such a glovebox facility will maintain sample integrity for a variety of scientific endeavors whether for life science, materials science, or astromaterials. Glovebox lessons learned from decades of astromaterials curation, ISS on-board sample handling, and robust analog missions provide key design and operational factors for inclusion in on-going habitat development. ", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because it presents a contained science-workspace concept for Gateway, relevant to laboratory integration, contamination control, crew interfaces, and habitat resource allocation.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "habitat-laboratories", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this conference paper was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20190001085", "title": "NASA IV&V's Cyber Range for Space Systems", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20190001085", "recordFingerprint": "04f501ad8277dde906888c112a91376a69085e254f76756f9b9ab7e6991e39f7", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20190001085", "title": "NASA IV&V's Cyber Range for Space Systems", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20190001085", "topic": "cybersecurity", "year": 2019, "publishedAt": "2019-02-25T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Bailey, Brandon" ], "publisher": "Goddard Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Presentation", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "A cyber range is a virtual environment that is used for cyberwarfare training and cyber technology development. It provides tools that help strengthen the stability, security and performance of cyber infrastructures and IT systems. NASA IV&V has created an adaptable virtual environment that is representative of a typical NASA mission system of systems environment that serves multiple purposes: Training of network defenders. Ability to perform simulated red vs blue training events. Ability to deploy mission specific technologies in a cyber contested environment. Ability to demonstrate vulnerabilities and their impact to ground and space systemsThe overall system is comprised of more than 70 virtual machines and physical infrastructure to demonstrate real-world cyber attacks against: email users, wireless networks, and physically implanted devices with command and control call-back. The cyber range was built to emulate a NASA precipitation satellite infrastructure.This presentation will give an overview of the virtual cyber range and how it was used to conduct a simulate red vs blue exercise with the goal of compromising the simulated spacecraft that utilizes real NASA flight software.", "keywords": [ "test and evaluation DT&E" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “NASA IV&V's Cyber Range for Space Systems” covers test and evaluation DT&E; it materially informs GShips work on space cyber testbeds.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "space-cyber-testbeds", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this presentation was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20210004732", "title": "Conductive White Thermal Control Paint for Spacecraft - Part 2", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20210004732", "recordFingerprint": "0dd52d696d05e3994bd1aeccdc85f871649145dd2dbcae7f7b14385f8da2faab", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20210004732", "title": "Conductive White Thermal Control Paint for Spacecraft - Part 2", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210004732", "topic": "power-thermal", "year": 1994, "publishedAt": "1994-04-11T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Marinacci, L.", "\"O'Donnell, T.\", 'Cordaro, J.", "McHugh, L.", "Forsberg, G.", "Metzler, E.", "Hsieh, C." ], "publisher": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "resourceType": "Other", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "Thermal control paints were evaluated for use as electrically conductive white thermal control coatings on the saturn-bound cassini spacecraft.", "keywords": [ "silicate", "binder", "electrically", "conductive", "white", "thermal", "control", "paints" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for electrically conductive white thermal-control coating evaluation on Cassini, a useful component-level example of coupled thermal, charging, and materials qualification.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "thermal-control materials", "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and a short abstract are open here; formulations, test conditions, aging, and flight results were not examined. It is component context, not automatic evidence for another environment." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20210012921", "title": "Lunar In-situ Resource Utilization Concept to Reality", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20210012921", "recordFingerprint": "8b659da97d60633cf937d371fa27365fbc67701dd8ac3bcd53d3f571ca9742bb", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20210012921", "title": "Lunar In-situ Resource Utilization Concept to Reality", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210012921", "topic": "manufacturing-isru", "year": 2021, "publishedAt": "2021-04-19T04:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Julie Kleinhenz", "Gerald Sanders" ], "publisher": "Glenn Research Center", "resourceType": "Presentation", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "ISRU is a capability involving multiple elements to achieve final products (mobility, product storage and delivery, power, crew and/or robotic maintenance, etc.) ‘ISRU’ does not exist on its own. By definition, it must connect and tie to users/customers of ISRU products and services Living Off the Land:\n\nISRU involves any hardware or operation that harnesses and utilizes ‘in-situ’ (local) resources to create products and services for robotic and human exploration.\n\nResource Examples •Water •Oxygen •Hydrogen •Carbon •Metals •Silicon •Nitrogen •Regolith/Rock •Discarded materials\n\nProduct Examples •Propellant •Life Support Consumables •Feed stock for •Additive manufacturing •Construction •Agriculture substrate and/or fertilizer\n", "keywords": [ "lunar", "in-situ resource utilization" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2021 presentation from Glenn Research Center specifically covers “Lunar In-situ Resource Utilization Concept to Reality”; its abstract describes ISRU is a capability involving multiple elements to achieve final products (mobility, product storage and delivery, power, crew and/or robotic maintenance, etc.) ‘ISRU’… This materially informs GShips manufacturing and ISRU.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "manufacturing and ISRU", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20210021780", "title": "Down-Selection of Four Common Habitat Variants", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20210021780", "recordFingerprint": "287b85cb26cbf691bd43c3087b3888537c16b21e223366551732c106f61be985", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20210021780", "title": "Down-Selection of Four Common Habitat Variants", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210021780", "topic": "structures-shielding", "year": 2021, "publishedAt": "2021-10-15T05:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Robert L Howard" ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The Common Habitat is a large habitat that uses the Space Launch System core stage liquid oxygen tank as its primary structure. It has a gravity-independent internal architecture, such that identical units can be used on the lunar surface, Mars surface, and in microgravity. In developing the habitat, two key architectural questions emerged. Should the internal layout use a vertical or horizontal orientation of the tank? Should the crew size be four or eight? This led to the design of four variants: a four-crew horizontal, four-crew vertical, eight-crew horizontal, and eight-crew vertical. The primary consideration applied for down-selection was the crew experience living and working in the habitat, inclusive of crew productivity, well-being, and survivability. Based on this consideration, a series of seven assessments was performed to compare the four variants. A stowage assessment developed a standard logistics module and then considered the amounts of water to be stored in each variant. It then estimated how much stowage could be carried onboard each Common Habitat and how many logistics modules are required by each variant for a given mission duration. A functional analysis identified and compared the living and working functions across the four habitat, ranking them relative to each other. A crew time assessment first estimated the total crew time, building a weekly crew timeline for both four and eight-person crews. It then allocated time to activities linked to living and working functions, comparing how much time was available for each function in each variant. A science productivity assessment developed a relative metric using crew time, science stowage, and assumed rates of experiment consumables use to analytically compare the four variants. It also comparatively ranked the habitats with respect to a number of subjective parameters and a workstation acceptability rating. A maintenance capacity assessment identified and compared eleven generic maintenance capabilities across the four variants and also ranked the variants for their predicted ability to complete twelve fabrication, maintenance, and repair scenarios. A contingency responsiveness analysis examined twelve serious in-flight contingencies. For each scenario, the number of crew needed to respond was predicted and acceptability of various aspects of contingency response was evaluated, comparing the four variants against each other. Finally, in a habitability assessment, 120 habitability characteristics reflecting 13 major categories were evaluated for each habitat. These results were compared to identify the most acceptable habitat in each category. Ultimately, the data was shown to favor the horizontal orientation over the vertical and an eight-person crew over four. Implications of selecting this variant are discussed, including specific architectural challenges that result from the use of the full SLS liquid oxygen tank. ", "keywords": [ "Habitability", "Human Factors", "Common Habitat", "Usability", "Survivability", "Down-Selection", "Lunar Outpost", "Mars Outpost", "Transit Habitat", "Deep Space Habitat", "Concept Trade Study" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for a traceable Common Habitat concept down-selection process spanning mission roles, requirements, discriminators, and architecture trades.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "common habitat selection", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists accessible full text, but this curation did not reproduce scoring, challenge assumptions, or validate selection against generation-ship requirements. It is decision-method context, not proof of an optimal design." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20220007646", "title": "OSAM-2: Plans and Progress for the First Demonstration of Structural Manufacturing in Space", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20220007646", "recordFingerprint": "5a479436250c05c1ebaa6e57aa28e5c552d368a3fad1c82f11345d0ea3ee8bee", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20220007646", "title": "OSAM-2: Plans and Progress for the First Demonstration of Structural Manufacturing in Space", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220007646", "topic": "manufacturing-isru", "year": 2022, "publishedAt": "2022-06-30T05:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Lawrence D. Huebner", "Paul Shestople", "Simon Patané", "Daniel Hillsberry" ], "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Presentation", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "OSAM-2 began as a NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate Tipping Point project in 2016 in which an investment made in ground development and demonstration and/or flight demonstration will result in:\n\n Significant advancement of technology’s maturation\n High likelihood for utilization of technology in commercially fielded space application\n Significant improvement in ability to successfully bring space technology to market\n\nTopic area was “Robotic In-Space Manufacturing and Assembly of Spacecraft and Space Structures”\n\n Made In Space, Inc. (now Redwire) proposed Archinaut One, an in-space robotic precision manufacturing and assembly system for larger-than-deployable structures\n Manufacturing / assembly in the operational environment allows manufactured parts to be designed for that environment (and not for launch loads and need to deploy) \n\nIn 2020 NASA budget language, NASA began using On-orbit Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing Mission 2 (OSAM-2) for Archinaut One\n \n Restore-L + SPIDER (SPace Infrastructure DExterous Robot) became OSAM-1\n\nNote: Slide 7 contains video animation, best viewed in presentation mode, run time 2 mins 25 secs.", "keywords": [ "In-Space Manufacturing", "Flight Demonstration" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2022 presentation from Marshall Space Flight Center specifically covers “OSAM-2: Plans and Progress for the First Demonstration of Structural Manufacturing in Space”; its abstract describes OSAM-2 began as a NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate Tipping Point project in 2016 in which an investment made in ground development and demonstration and/or flight… This materially informs GShips manufacturing and ISRU.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "manufacturing and ISRU", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20220012971", "title": "Enabling Innovative Research on the International Space Station to Solve the Challenges of A Human Mission to Mars: Results of the ISS4Mars International Workshops 2020–2021", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20220012971", "recordFingerprint": "8689e61fcd2a1906080b26854fa47a9c60d1e7a3e0f3fb98621f289f8007f857", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20220012971", "title": "Enabling Innovative Research on the International Space Station to Solve the Challenges of A Human Mission to Mars: Results of the ISS4Mars International Workshops 2020–2021", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220012971", "topic": "analogs-verification", "year": 2022, "publishedAt": "2022-08-10T04:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Michael Waid", "Livio Narici", "Michaela Girgenrath", "Katrin Stang", "Isabelle Marcil", "Perry Johnson-Green", "Thu Jennifer Ngo-Anh", "Oleg Kotov" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "resourceType": "Accepted Manuscript (Version with final changes)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "During the ISS4Mars workshops in 2020–2021, personnel from the International Space Station (ISS) partner agencies convened to reflect on scenarios for how the ISS could be used and its operations possibly modified to simulate aspects of a human mission to Mars. Scientific leaders, operations experts, crewmembers, managers, and flight surgeons discussed the five hazards of human spaceflight—gravity transitions, radiation, isolation and confinement, distance from Earth, and hostile closed environments—and considered how an ISS-based analog of Mars transit could benefit assessments and mitigations of these hazards. A focused writing team then discussed the advantages and disadvantages of each approach identified by the workshop participants before developing a set of eight use cases to consider the feasibility of implementing on the ISS. The writing team also identified the prerequisites needed, including ground analog studies simulating a mission to Mars required to verify measurements and procedures, before testing could begin on the ISS. Five of the use cases were considered feasible to assess in simulations using an ISS-based analog of Mars transit if some ground rules and assumptions were met. These five use cases were Earth-independent medical operations, Earth-independent integrated operations, life support and food for a one year duration, lower-body negative pressure as a countermeasure against the effects of exposure to microgravity, and fitness levels after landing. In addition, three more extensive interventions—extended Mars surface operations, a small-volume transit analog, and artificial gravity—were deemed unfeasible for testing on the ISS. Experience gained from the five use cases executed on the ISS may help answer some of the questions in the deferred scenarios, or it may be possible to complete them on another platform (e.g. commercial space station, lunar habitat). Simulating conditions during a Mars mission on the ISS will afford higher fidelity for assessing multiple integrated hazards of human spaceflight, however, ground analogs of Mars missions can be used to ensure effective measures and experimental design before testing begins on the ISS. The strategic concepts refined as part of these workshops were brought to a multilateral forum, Mulitlateral Human Research Planel for Exploration (MHRPE), where ISS partner agencies are now discussing implementation plans to provide new opportunities to use the ISS to prepare for deep space exploration over the coming decade. In this publication we present a summary of the international strategic plans for future research that will enable operations, software, and countermeasures to be developed that will reduce the risk to humans during future crewed missions to Mars.", "keywords": [ "Human space exploration", "Mars risk mitigation", "Deep space mission analog", "Integrated mission testing", "Low Earth orbit" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Enabling Innovative Research on the International Space Station to Solve the Challenges of A Human Mission to Mars: Results of the ISS4Mars International Workshops 2020–2021” covers Human space exploration, Mars risk mitigation, Deep space mission analog, Integrated mission testing; it materially informs GShips work on iss to mars precursors.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "iss-to-mars-precursors", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this accepted manuscript (version with final changes) was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20220016675", "title": "Thermophotovoltaics for In-Space Nuclear Power", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20220016675", "recordFingerprint": "9bd2fa994e75a9d3bc9b90fd646b58e250177f9f5da3cf4254a57c65b13a8d4a", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20220016675", "title": "Thermophotovoltaics for In-Space Nuclear Power", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220016675", "topic": "power-thermal", "year": 2022, "publishedAt": "2022-11-28T06:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "T E Brooks", "L L Fabisinski", "M A Rodriguez" ], "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "In-space nuclear power systems are under consideration for missions that need lots of power. Recent work in Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells indicates that they may be a mass efficient option for converting a nuclear reactor’s thermal energy into electrical energy. This paper briefly trades TPV versus a Brayton Cycle in the context of a conceptual Earth-to-Mars transportation system. The selection of the heat engine primarily impacts the design of the nuclear reactor, power handling electronics, fluid loops, heat exchangers, and thermal radiator, so the impact to these subsystems is also considered. The mass and electrical power generation are the primary figures of merit compared between the two alternatives, and qualitative differences are discussed.", "keywords": [ "Nuclear", "Power", "Thermophotovoltaic" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for its thermophotovoltaic-versus-Brayton comparison and the resulting reactor, electronics, fluid-loop, heat-exchanger, and radiator integration trades.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "nuclear power and thermal conversion", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but the conceptual Earth-to-Mars trade was not independently recalculated and does not establish reactor or converter readiness. It is civil systems context, not claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20230009066", "title": "Exploring the Complexities of Drug Formulation Selection, Storage, and Shelf-Life for Exploration Spaceflight", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20230009066", "recordFingerprint": "82ae6aa048661e12e1c838f2d52c2309c62c79fc0e6b91e04a3edf36b461aaf2", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20230009066", "title": "Exploring the Complexities of Drug Formulation Selection, Storage, and Shelf-Life for Exploration Spaceflight", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230009066", "topic": "governance-law", "year": 2023, "publishedAt": "2023-11-08T05:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Vernie R Daniels", "Edward S Williams" ], "publisher": "British Pharmacological Society", "resourceType": "Accepted Manuscript (Version with final changes)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Medications have been a part of space travel dating back as far as the Apollo missions. Currently, medical kits aboard the ISS contain medications and supplies to help crew members cope with a variety of possible medical events. NASA reported that 1,867 medical events occurred from 1981 to 1998 on space shuttle flights, STS-1 to STS-89; 498 out of the 508 crewmembers on those flights reported experiencing a medical event other than space motion sickness. In 2000, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened a committee of experts, Committee on Creating a Vision for Space Medicine during Travel beyond Earth Orbit, to examine the issues surrounding astronaut health and safety for long duration space missions. The primary theme of the committee’s final report is that there is not enough known about the risks to human health during long-duration missions beyond Earth’s orbit and ways to effectively mitigate those risks in an environment of deep space. In 2014, the IOM convened the Committee on Ethics Principles and Guidelines for Health Standards for Long Duration and Exploration Spaceflights and released a report emphasizing the importance of prevention, mitigation, and treatment of major risks to human health during exploration spaceflight. NASA’s Human Research Program has organized five distinct categories of spaceflight hazards summarized by the acronym “RIDGE” (Space Radiation, Isolation and Confinement, Distance from Earth, Gravity fields, and Hostile/Closed Environments) that astronauts may encounter during exploration spaceflight. From those hazards, NASA further derived 30 of the most critical human health and performance risks, including limits to medical care resulting from pharmaceutical degradation. As we prepare for more distant exploration missions to Mars and beyond, risk management planning for astronaut healthcare should include the assembly of a medication formulary that is comprehensive enough to prevent or treat anticipated medical events, remains safe and chemically stable, and retains sufficient potency to last for the duration of the mission. The present editorial will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding innovative formulary optimization strategies, pharmaceutical stability assessment techniques, and storage and packaging solutions that could enhance drug safety and efficacy for future exploration spaceflight missions.", "keywords": [ "drug degradation risk assessment", "drug repurposing", "drug storage and packaging", "innovative drug delivery systems", "spaceflight drug formulary optimization", "spaceflight pharmaceutical stability" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2023 accepted manuscript (version with final changes) from British Pharmacological Society specifically covers “Exploring the Complexities of Drug Formulation Selection, Storage, and Shelf-Life for Exploration Spaceflight”; its abstract describes Medications have been a part of space travel dating back as far as the Apollo missions. Currently, medical kits aboard the ISS contain medications and supplies to help crew… This materially informs GShips governance and law.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "governance and law", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20230012405", "title": "Biological Space Radiation Countermeasures to Enable Long Duration Exploration Missions", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20230012405", "recordFingerprint": "12b0e53be5d392dc96d32a79957861006a178285b8bdee10e160bb11a144a7a1", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20230012405", "title": "Biological Space Radiation Countermeasures to Enable Long Duration Exploration Missions", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230012405", "topic": "radiation-environment", "year": 2023, "publishedAt": "2023-08-28T05:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Brock J Sishc", "Janice A Zawaski", "Janapriya Saha", "Gregory G Nelson", "S Robin Elgart" ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Poster", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "NASA’s career radiation limit for astronauts is 600 mSv. Currently planned missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) will expose crew to at least double that amount of radiation (for Mars missions). Therefore, to enable long duration exploration, countermeasures need to be deployed to reduce the long-term health outcomes of space radiation exposure. Limitations to the ability of spacecraft to shield against the high energy charged particles of the space radiation environment necessitate alternative methods to reduce overall space radiation risk for carcinogenesis. Recent successes in the arenas of Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) and clinical radiotherapy have demonstrated the efficacy of compound-based/biologicals in reducing the detrimental long term health outcomes associated with space radiation exposure. In recent years, the Space Radiation Element has funded the investigation of several such compounds including Avasopasem Manganese, CDDO-Me, Metformin, and γ-tocotrienol. The demonstrated efficacy of these compounds in reducing carcinogenesis, central nervous system, and cardiovascular disease risks demonstrate the need for, and potential benefit of, a robust countermeasure identification and development program with an initial starting suite of compounds available to validate others. The authors would also like to present highlights of a recent Space Radiation Element sponsored issue of Life Sciences in Space Research entitled “Breaking the Limit” on this specific topic. ", "keywords": [ "Space Radiation", "Countermeasures Radiation Biology" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for a compact survey of proposed biological countermeasures to space radiation and the research gaps connecting mechanistic findings to operational protection.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "biological radiation countermeasures", "evidenceBoundary": "This is poster-level metadata and summary, not a systematic clinical review; efficacy, dosing, interactions, and long-duration safety were not validated. It is high-consequence research context, not medical advice or treatment evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20230012799", "title": "Artemis, Ethics and Society: Synthesis from a Workshop", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20230012799", "recordFingerprint": "26e69ee93a4a928ede3d701a0aa79dacc0aebb1e4fa0afa3a1ffee1e8c797263", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20230012799", "title": "Artemis, Ethics and Society: Synthesis from a Workshop", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230012799", "topic": "governance-law", "year": 2023, "publishedAt": "2023-09-21T04:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Zachary Pirtle", "Katherine McBrayer", "Alyse Beauchemin" ], "publisher": "Headquarters", "resourceType": "Special Publication (SP)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "NASA’s planning and implementation of the Artemis missions and Moon to Mars efforts may set precedents in exploration for decades to come. In April 2023, NASA convened a workshop on how to assess the ethical and societal implications of Artemis. This workshop was NASA’s first structured foray into studying the ethical and societal implications of exploration since the Apollo program in the 1960s. This report documents the discussion and ideas feedback and suggestions from the 55 participants invited to the Artemis and Ethics workshop and focuses on the following key study questions: 1) How should NASA consider the ethical, legal, and societal implications (ELSI) of the Artemis and Moon to Mars efforts?; and 2) What are the key ethical and societal implications that need consideration? This initial exploratory study does not make formal recommendations but instead maps out options available for NASA and other actors to consider as humanity goes to the Moon, Mars and beyond.", "keywords": [ "Artemis", "Ethics", "Social Science", "Moon to Mars", "Space Policy", "Ethical Legal and Societal Implications" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2023 special publication (sp) from Headquarters specifically covers “Artemis, Ethics and Society: Synthesis from a Workshop”; its abstract describes NASA’s planning and implementation of the Artemis missions and Moon to Mars efforts may set precedents in exploration for decades to come. In April 2023, NASA convened a… This materially informs GShips governance and law.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "governance and law", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20230014482", "title": "NASA's Space Health Impacts for the NASA Experience (SHINE) Training Program – Space Radiation Curriculum", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20230014482", "recordFingerprint": "781e054e1720be43eb036b15ac418dc9f56215a09a0299b3f1729a9010e5b2c7", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20230014482", "title": "NASA's Space Health Impacts for the NASA Experience (SHINE) Training Program – Space Radiation Curriculum", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230014482", "topic": "radiation-environment", "year": 2024, "publishedAt": "2024-02-13T08:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Sigrid S. Reinsch", "S. Robin Elgart", "Gregory A. Nelson", "Brock Sishc", "Janapriya Saha", "Peter Guida", "Sergio Santa Maria", "Jason Weeks" ], "publisher": "Ames Research Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "In February 2023, the Space Radiation Element of the NASA Human Research Program initiated a virtual, annual space radiation curriculum. The Space Health Impacts for the NASA Experience (SHINE) Space Radiation Didactic Curriculum aims to educate participants not only in the scientific aspects of space radiation but also in the agency’s risk management strategies. SHINE Space Radiation Didactic Curriculum combined weekly seminars by speakers from NASA, other government agencies, academia, and industry, with networking sessions designed to foster collaboration between the competitively selected participants as well as interactions with NASA scientists and HRP funded investigators. The inaugural course ran weekly from February 2023 to August 2023 and was comprised of lectures, less formal coffee hours, and office hours. Each two-hour seminar sessions hosted 1-3 presentations on topics which ranged from the space radiation environment to health effects and countermeasure to granting opportunities. All lectures were recorded and will be published on the THREE (The Health Risks of Extraterrestrial Environments) website for public access (https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/). As a course requirement, participants developed individual or collaborative beam time proposals for real, proposed, or potential experiments at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. For the 2023 course, 25 participants were selected from a total of 59 applicants. Selected participants were citizens from 8 countries and comprised 5 graduate students, 4 postdocs, 11 scientists and 5 professors/medical doctors. Participants had a wide range of expertise including molecular and cellular biology, microbiology, botany, physiology, engineering, physics, aerospace medicine, planetary science, biostatistics, and modeling. The second annual SHINE training program is scheduled from February to August 2024. In addition, a separate SHINE Space Radiation Practicum session will be held in Fall 2024 at the NSRL. The SHINE Space Radiation Practicum is a unique opportunity that has not been available to the public since the closure of the NASA Space Radiation Summer School in 2017 and will allow a small cohort of participants competitively selected in Fall 2023 to gain hands-on radiation experience.", "keywords": [ "SHINE", "Space Radiation", "HRP" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for the SHINE training curriculum as a model for developing interdisciplinary space-health researchers across radiation physics, biology, operations, and communication.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "radiation leadership education", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS metadata and abstract describe the curriculum but do not establish educational effectiveness, cohort outcomes, or transferability. It is leadership-program context, not evidence of competency gains." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20240014036", "title": "Detectability Simulations of a Near-infrared Surface Biosignature on Proxima Centauri b with Future Space Observatories", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20240014036", "recordFingerprint": "03c668fd0f7ec0c4f0fda8319b03d0a505b06a2bf908031dc02fc90c86448089", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20240014036", "title": "Detectability Simulations of a Near-infrared Surface Biosignature on Proxima Centauri b with Future Space Observatories", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20240014036", "topic": "destinations-astrobiology", "year": 2024, "publishedAt": "2024-10-17T04:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Connor O Metz", "Nancy Y Kiang", "Geronimo L Villanueva", "M N Parenteau", "Vincent Kofman" ], "publisher": "IOP Publishing", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Telescope missions are currently being designed that will make direct imaging of habitable exoplanets possible in the near future, and studies are needed to quantify the detectability of biosignature features in the planet's reflectance spectrum. We simulated the detectability of a near-infrared-absorbing surface biosignature feature with simulated observations of the nearby exoplanet Proxima Centauri b. We modeled a biosignature spectral feature with a reflectance spectrum based on an anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterial species that has strong absorption at 1 μm, which could make it well suited for life on an M-dwarf-hosted planet. We modeled the distribution of this organism across the planet's surface based on climate states from a 3D general circulation model (GCM) that were Archean- and Proterozoic-like exo-Earth analogs. We included the GCM states' prognostically simulated water clouds and added organic haze into the Archean-like atmospheres. We simulated observations of these Proxima Centauri b scenarios with the LUVOIR-A and B telescope concepts, with LUVOIR-B serving as a proxy to the planned Habitable Worlds Observatory. We calculated the integration times necessary to detect the biosignature and found that it would be detectable on Proxima Centauri b if the organism is moderately abundant (greater than a 1%–4% global surface area coverage), as long as the atmosphere is transmitting in the wavelength range under consideration. Small amounts of methane, clouds, and haze do not greatly impede detectability. We found preliminary evidence that such a biosignature would be detectable on exoplanets within 15 pc, but further investigations are needed to corroborate this.", "keywords": [ "Exoplanet astronomy", "Astrobiology", "Biosignatures", "Planetary surfaces", "Infrared spectroscopy", "Spectroscopy", "Coronagraphic imaging", "Observational astronomy" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Detectability Simulations of a Near-infrared Surface Biosignature on Proxima Centauri b with Future Space Observatories” covers Exoplanet astronomy, Astrobiology, Biosignatures, Planetary surfaces; it materially informs GShips work on biosignatures and target characterization.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "biosignatures-and-target-characterization", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this reprint (version printed in journal) was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20260000627", "title": "Lunar Innovation Park – Initial Surface Infrastructure to Kickstart a\nSpace Resource Based Economy", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20260000627", "recordFingerprint": "30b3b01307beb299244cfac841c16e7a38689c97ffa4284f58ff310c16221204", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20260000627", "title": "Lunar Innovation Park – Initial Surface Infrastructure to Kickstart a\nSpace Resource Based Economy", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20260000627", "topic": "assembly-logistics", "year": 2026, "publishedAt": "2026-04-17T04:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Mark W Hilburger", "Nathan J Gelino", "Robert P Mueller" ], "publisher": "Kennedy Space Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Executive Order 14369 “Ensuring American Space Superiority” (White House 2025) was signed by the White House in December of 2025 and calls upon the United States of America (USA) to “pursue a space policy that will extend the reach of human discovery, secure the Nation’s vital economic and security interests, unleash commercial development, and lay the foundation for a new space age.” The Executive Order (EO) identifies several key priorities including: returning humans to the Moon by 2028; laying the foundations for lunar economic development; fostering economic growth in American space markets; and establishing initial elements of a permanent lunar outpost by 2030. Based upon previous national guidance and NASA’s Moon to Mars Objectives (NASA 2023), it is expected that a significant portion of a robust and sustainable lunar economy will be based on large-scale In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) for the production and sale of commodities and feedstock for construction and manufacturing. Such large-scale ISRU operations are only possible with supporting infrastructure and services to facilitate production and distribution of products. While organizations like NASA, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and the NASA Lunar Surface Innovation Consortium (LSIC) have worked to chart a course to a lunar resource-based economy, a clear path with practical implementation has yet to emerge. Other space-capable nations are beginning to rapidly establish themselves in cislunar space and compete for space resources and territory. These nations are pursuing space with the expectation that these activities will lead to significant economic benefit and have the potential to tip the balance of national power in their favor. The solar system’s resources are the key to humanity’s future and if in-situ resources and advanced technologies are used, then rapid bootstrapping can radically accelerate a solar system economy with vast potential (Metzger et al. 2013). The US space industry and venture capitalists are also investing significant time and resources to develop technologies, systems, and define architectures towards the creation of a lunar resource-based economy. Some commercial entities aim to produce and sell lunar ISRUbased commodities such as propellant, water, oxygen, Helium-3, and feedstock for manufacturing and construction. Other companies aim to provide services in support of a cislunar space ecosystem including power, communications, mobility and logistics. However, many potential investors with similar ambitions remain on the sidelines waiting for NASA to initiate a formal and lasting effort to capitalize on space resources with a realistically achievable near-term plan. Establishing Lunar surface infrastructure systems and operations are expected to have the biggest impact towards encouraging investments, enabling commercial operations and kickstarting a lunar economy. This paper introduces the Lunar Innovation Park (Park) - a concept for establishing the minimum viable infrastructure needed to kickstart Lunar surface operations and commercial development. The Park is permanent co-located infrastructure built up over a series of Commercial Lunar Payload Service (CLPS) scale missions and uses existing and emerging NASA and industry technologies to make the Park feasible in the near term. The first two missions could be completed perhaps in as soon as two years from initiation. The Park will reduce costs and risks for subsequent technology development missions and commercial operations by providing services such as: power, local and direct to Earth communications, Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT), robotic regolith manipulation, logistics, and perhaps most importantly, the ability to land spacecraft in extreme proximity within the Park. In addition, the Park will provide an opportunity for technology demonstration, maturation, and risk reduction that will enable future Artemis “Foundational Exploration” and “Sustained Lunar Evolution” segments and lower cost for long-duration science missions. Finally, the Park can play a significant role in addressing the USA Executive Order mandate to “lay the foundation for lunar economic development”, and “establish lunar infrastructure and standards that enable implementation of space priorities and a robust space industrial base”. The Park can be established in the time frame specified in the Executive Order. This basic infrastructure (Communications, PNT, Power, construction robots, precision landing beacons) reduces risk by providing ready services and enables commercial and international partner augmentation for added capability and experimentation. ", "keywords": [ "regolith works", "bulk regolith infrastructure", "vertical solar array", "unpressurized shelter", "Landing Pad", "ISRU", "moonbase", "moon", "lunar construction", "lunar infrastructure", "space resource economy", "regolith", "Lunar Innovation Park" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Lunar Innovation Park – Initial Surface Infrastructure to Kickstart a Space Resource Based Economy” covers regolith works, bulk regolith infrastructure, vertical solar array, unpressurized shelter; it materially informs GShips work on space economy infrastructure.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "space-economy-infrastructure", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this conference paper was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "reviewed-source-src-c1517-nasa-maarss", "title": "Magnet Architectures and Active Radiation Shielding Study (MAARSS)", "publicPath": "/atlas/reviewed-source-src-c1517-nasa-maarss", "recordFingerprint": "1bfcd3c2644fe62ab95d94ae898cd466cde02ec193c36d15e02ab89b10c85345", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "reviewed-source-src-c1517-nasa-maarss", "title": "Magnet Architectures and Active Radiation Shielding Study (MAARSS)", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20190002579", "topic": "reviewed-claim-source", "year": 2019, "authors": [ "Shayne C. 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