{ "schemaVersion": "gships-review-packet-1", "packetId": "resources:bucket-0e", "stableId": "bucket-0e", "family": "resources", "slug": "bucket-0e", "title": "Atlas stable hash bucket 0E", "status": "prepared-human-review-not-started", "release": { "releaseId": "public-alpha-2026-07-26-research-visuals-r14", "sourceCommit": "3eb036fce3d711336c8c605625895e8a2e799ab0", "corpusGeneratedAt": "2026-07-25", "frozenAt": "2026-07-26T22:50:50.000Z", "canonicalOrigin": "https://gships.dammonburden.com" }, "paths": { "human": "/review/resources/bucket-0e", "family": "/review/resources", "packet": "/review-packets/resources/bucket-0e.df7f8be1fc93d230.json", "decisionTemplate": "/review-packets/resources/bucket-0e.df7f8be1fc93d230.decision-template.json", "worksheet": "/review-packets/resources/bucket-0e.df7f8be1fc93d230.worksheet.md", "byFingerprint": "/review-packets/by-fingerprint/df7f8be1fc93d230dffb4876d49257f77cf17ebcafb7252627fa7dffe4e4c0b3.json" }, "boundary": "Prepared review packet; human review has not started. This packet is not a completed review, endorsement, reviewer appointment, partnership, or authorization to act.", "governingPolicies": [ { "id": "policy-editorial-governance-001", "version": "0.1.0", "path": "/editorial-policy", "recordType": "governing-policy", "fingerprint": "1f6a1f823e8bfe891b6a707c5dce2ee2337c0bb7d915b48d6060ca82b8da1b47", "snapshot": { "id": "policy-editorial-governance-001", "version": "0.1.0", "status": "foundation-policy-controls-not-yet-staffed", "adoptedForFoundation": "2026-07-25", "title": "Editorial governance and independent review", "publisher": "GShips Project", "maintainer": "Dammon Burden", "publisherInterest": "The maintainer intends to explore a commercial venture based on some GShips work. No entity, outside funding, customer, sponsor, or indexed-organization relationship currently exists.", "currentBoundary": "No independent domain reviewer or review council is currently appointed. Foundation records and outlines may not be represented as independently reviewed.", "reviewerSelection": [ "Publish the reviewer’s name, relevant credentials or lived expertise, review scope, compensation status, and declared conflicts with consent.", "Select for the actual claim domain rather than general prestige; include affected-community and disability-led expertise where rights or access are involved.", "Do not treat an employee, investor, customer, sponsor, source author, or directly supervised collaborator as independent for the affected claim." ], "reviewProcess": [ "Provide the exact claim, sources, locators, assumptions, counterevidence, transfer limits, and proposed evidence dimensions.", "Record approve, revise, contest, or reject at claim level; silence and event attendance never count as review.", "Publish material minority findings and the editor’s reasoned response.", "High-consequence medical, reproductive, nuclear, radiation, cybersecurity, governance, and dual-use claims require two qualified independent reviewers with complementary scopes.", "A reviewer may recuse at any time; unresolved conflicts or missing expertise block the reviewed label." ], "appealAndCorrection": [ "A correction receives a reference identifier and triage record; safety-critical allegations receive priority.", "A material editorial decision may be appealed to a reviewer not involved in the original decision once such a panel exists.", "Substantive reversals, unresolved disputes, and removed conclusions receive a dated public record that protects reporter privacy.", "No sponsor, customer, founder, or reviewer may purchase, suppress, or unilaterally assign an evidence grade." ], "publicationGate": "Public 1.0 requires named review coverage across every Academy track, documented high-consequence two-person review, a material-corrections log, reviewer conflict records, and an operating appeal path.", "correctionPath": "/corrections" } }, { "id": "policy-dual-use-001", "version": "0.1.0", "path": "/dual-use", "recordType": "governing-policy", "fingerprint": "81637e2849f9c0866d23f7174eb9a2ce522b86313167ebf5022fca122d6e506c", "snapshot": { "id": "policy-dual-use-001", "version": "0.1.0", "status": "planned-controls-not-yet-operational", "adoptedForFoundation": "2026-07-25", "title": "Civil, defensive, and rights-preserving use boundary", "summary": "GShips may research safety, resilience, logistics, communications, recovery, and cyber defense only within explicit end-use, rights, and independent-review controls. Calling an activity defensive is never sufficient by itself.", "scopeTrigger": "Apply dual-use review before accepting or materially advancing customer, funder, collaborator, operational, procurement, or publication-sensitive work whose capability, data, end use, or transfer could reasonably enable a prohibited use. Public non-actionable education still follows prohibited-content and sensitive-publication controls.", "allowedInPrinciple": [ "Safety engineering and independently assessed protection", "Resilience, graceful degradation, recovery, and disaster response", "Civil logistics, maintenance, communications, and knowledge continuity", "Cyber defense, secure software, incident response, and recovery", "Rights-preserving health, accessibility, ecology, education, and governance research" ], "prohibited": [ "Identification, tracking, prioritization, or engagement of people or assets for force, weapons, repression, or offensive operations; safety navigation, astronomy, collision avoidance, search and rescue, and independently governed planetary defense are not prohibited by this clause", "Weapons command-and-control or targeting support", "Offensive access, persistence, exploitation, or destructive cyber payloads", "Mass surveillance, biometric repression, or political-control systems", "Autonomous force application", "Coercive reproductive, medical, genetic, disability, or civic control", "Nonconsensual experimentation or treating residents as research instruments" ], "reviewRequiredBeforeAnyRelevantWork": [ "Customer, funder, collaborator, jurisdiction, beneficial-owner, and end-use screening", "Export-control and sanctions review by qualified counsel when applicable", "Written scope, allowed-use, prohibited-use, audit, termination, and incident clauses", "Independent stop-work authority with a named alternate and founder recusal", "Sensitive-publication and information-hazard review", "Whistleblowing, escalation, incident response, appeal, and anti-retaliation paths", "Aggregate transparency reporting that protects legitimate privacy and security" ], "currentBoundary": "No screening body, independent stop-work authority, contractual controls, or appeal body currently exists. Therefore no relevant customer, defense, dual-use, or operational engagement is authorized by this policy.", "changeControl": "Material changes require a dated public rationale, independent review, and may not be approved by the founder alone.", "correctionPath": "/corrections" } } ], "reviewContract": { "questions": [ { "id": "question-1", "text": "Is each canonical record correctly identified, deduplicated, classified, dated, and scoped?", "required": true }, { "id": "question-2", "text": "Does the selection note explain relevance without automatically treating the resource as claim support?", "required": true }, { "id": "question-3", "text": "Are access, source class, version, retraction, rights, and transfer limits represented accurately?", "required": true } ], "exclusions": [ "Atlas inclusion is not endorsement and does not make a source evidence for a claim.", "Metadata review does not certify the full text, methods, data, or conclusions." ], "requestedScopeCodes": [ "information-science", "systems-engineering" ], "dispositions": [ "approve", "revise", "contest", "reject", "recuse" ], "prohibitedInputs": [ "private legal names or contact details", "identity documents or raw credential files", "accessibility or medical records", "confidential conflict evidence", "classified, export-controlled, proprietary, or exploit material" ], "freshness": { "maximumDecisionAgeFromFreezeDays": 365, "eventOccurrenceRule": "Not applicable to this packet family." }, "completionRule": "Every primary record must receive the required number of valid, current-fingerprint approvals; every complementary scope group and required domain must be covered; any unresolved revise, contest, or reject disposition blocks publication.", "highConsequenceRule": "Named medical, reproductive, nuclear, radiation, cybersecurity, governance, and dual-use conclusions require two distinct qualified independent humans covering complementary domain-method and rights/public-interest scopes." }, "primaryRecords": [ { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "core-07-2", "title": "National Academies: Thriving in Space", "publicPath": "/atlas/core-07-2", "recordFingerprint": "fd8e5e070043525fca75fad7eb86e62bffe34bb83c8b5dd77c8137d831ff2952", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "core-07-2", "title": "National Academies: Thriving in Space", "url": "https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/26750", "topic": "health-medicine", "year": null, "authors": [], "publisher": "Primary or institutional source", "resourceType": "Primary or institutional source", "access": "official link", "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "selectionNote": "Inspected as a core capability-area source. Inclusion supplies context; it is not automatically evidence for a provisional claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "core-12-4", "title": "NIST Secure Software Development Framework", "publicPath": "/atlas/core-12-4", "recordFingerprint": "cf57a9f2c28a86000ab2e324c5b0d290e609883103c5a48e2fd087e481adc2c3", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "core-12-4", "title": "NIST Secure Software Development Framework", "url": "https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/218/final", "topic": "cybersecurity", "year": null, "authors": [], "publisher": "Primary or institutional source", "resourceType": "Primary or institutional source", "access": "official link", "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "selectionNote": "Inspected as a core capability-area source. Inclusion supplies context; it is not automatically evidence for a provisional claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "core-20-3", "title": "NASA Partnering", "publicPath": "/atlas/core-20-3", "recordFingerprint": "aecfa4b378a6281c7c7bb727fce59e87a52ade8086c1c76733f16d38a16e2541", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "core-20-3", "title": "NASA Partnering", "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/partnerships/how-to-partner/", "topic": "institutions-workforce", "year": null, "authors": [], "publisher": "Primary or institutional source", "resourceType": "Primary or institutional source", "access": "official link", "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "selectionNote": "Inspected as a core capability-area source. Inclusion supplies context; it is not automatically evidence for a provisional claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19980193183", "title": "Human habitat positioning system for NASA's space flight environmental simulator", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19980193183", "recordFingerprint": "7238015a1168fa0815e86291b9dad706d7bb39bc6db18ecf4b4fda9eedaebb83", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19980193183", "title": "Human habitat positioning system for NASA's space flight environmental simulator", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19980193183", "topic": "structures-shielding", "year": 1998, "publishedAt": "1998-05-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Caldwell, W. F.", "Tucker, J.", "Keas, P." ], "publisher": "Ames Research Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Artificial gravity by centrifugation offers an effective countermeasure to the physiologic deconditioning of chronic exposure to microgravity; however, the system requirements of rotational velocity, radius of rotation, and resultant centrifugal acceleration require thorough investigation to ascertain the ideal human-use centrifuge configuration. NASA's Space Flight Environmental Simulator (SFES), a 16-meter (52-foot) diameter, animal-use centrifuge, was recently modified to accommodate human occupancy. This paper describes the SFES Human Habitat Positioning System, the mechanism that facilitates radius of rotation variability and alignment of the centrifuge occupants with the artificial gravity vector.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for human positioning and configuration trades in centrifuge-based artificial-gravity research, relevant to radius, posture, gradients, comfort, and test design.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "human centrifuge configuration", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS metadata and abstract give configuration context; this pass did not validate physiological outcomes, tolerance thresholds, or long-duration benefit. It is research-method context, not medical evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20040087980", "title": "Models to study gravitational biology of Mammalian reproduction", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20040087980", "recordFingerprint": "c815171a5cb9ea0c50deb849e159881be4a2e26c661ee8917ee872de1f157633", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20040087980", "title": "Models to study gravitational biology of Mammalian reproduction", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20040087980", "topic": "reproduction-genetics", "year": 2002, "publishedAt": "2002-12-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Tou, Janet", "Ronca, April", "Grindeland, Richard", "Wade, Charles" ], "publisher": "Ames Research Center", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "Mammalian reproduction evolved within Earth's 1-g gravitational field. As we move closer to the reality of space habitation, there is growing scientific interest in how different gravitational states influence reproduction in mammals. Habitation of space and extended spaceflight missions require prolonged exposure to decreased gravity (hypogravity, i.e., weightlessness). Lift-off and re-entry of the spacecraft are associated with exposure to increased gravity (hypergravity). Existing data suggest that spaceflight is associated with a constellation of changes in reproductive physiology and function. However, limited spaceflight opportunities and confounding effects of various nongravitational factors associated with spaceflight (i.e., radiation, stress) have led to the development of ground-based models for studying the effects of altered gravity on biological systems. Human bed rest and rodent hindlimb unloading paradigms are used to study exposure to hypogravity. Centrifugation is used to study hypergravity. Here, we review the results of spaceflight and ground-based models of altered gravity on reproductive physiology. Studies utilizing ground-based models that simulate hyper- and hypogravity have produced reproductive results similar to those obtained from spaceflight and are contributing new information on biological responses across the gravity continuum, thereby confirming the appropriateness of these models for studying reproductive responses to altered gravity and the underlying mechanisms of these responses. Together, these unique tools are yielding new insights into the gravitational biology of reproduction in mammals.", "keywords": [ "Review, Tutorial", "Flight Experiment", "STS Shuttle Project", "unmanned", "Cosmos Project", "manned", "Review", "Mir Project", "short duration", "NASA Discipline Developmental Biology", "NASA Center ARC", "long duration", "Reproduction/physiology", "Gravitation", "Weightlessness Simulation", "Space Flight", "Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S", "Animals", "Bed Rest", "Female", "Weightlessness", "Human", "Fertility", "Support, Non-U.S. Gov't", "Male" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for its comparison of mammalian reproductive and developmental models suitable for spaceflight research, including the practical limits of studying complete lifecycles.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "mammalian reproduction models", "evidenceBoundary": "The source is an older research overview; model selection, welfare, sample size, and relevance to human reproduction were not independently validated. It is high-consequence research context, not reproductive or medical claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20120002761", "title": "Beamed-Energy Propulsion (BEP) Study", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20120002761", "recordFingerprint": "bd00ebf655bce48cc1502d511813db3ea3722b238f92c493a4f44be6d9204c03", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20120002761", "title": "Beamed-Energy Propulsion (BEP) Study", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20120002761", "topic": "propulsion", "year": 2012, "publishedAt": "2012-02-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Patrick George", "Raymond Beach" ], "publisher": "Glenn Research Center", "resourceType": "Technical Memorandum (TM)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The scope of this study was to (1) review and analyze the state-of-art in beamed-energy propulsion (BEP) by identifying potential game-changing applications, (2) formulate a roadmap of technology development, and (3) identify key near-term technology demonstrations to rapidly advance elements of BEP technology to Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6. The two major areas of interest were launching payloads and space propulsion. More generally, the study was requested and structured to address basic mission feasibility. The attraction of beamed-energy propulsion (BEP) is the potential for high specific impulse while removing the power-generation mass. The rapid advancements in high-energy beamed-power systems and optics over the past 20 years warranted a fresh look at the technology. For launching payloads, the study concluded that using BEP to propel vehicles into space is technically feasible if a commitment to develop new technologies and large investments can be made over long periods of time. From a commercial competitive standpoint, if an advantage of beamed energy for Earth-to-orbit (ETO) is to be found, it will rest with smaller, frequently launched payloads. For space propulsion, the study concluded that using beamed energy to propel vehicles from low Earth orbit to geosynchronous Earth orbit (LEO-GEO) and into deep space is definitely feasible and showed distinct advantages and greater potential over current propulsion technologies. However, this conclusion also assumes that upfront infrastructure investments and commitments to critical technologies will be made over long periods of time. The chief issue, similar to that for payloads, is high infrastructure costs.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for a NASA/DARPA state-of-the-art review, mission-feasibility framing, technology roadmap, and proposed demonstrations for launch and in-space beamed-energy propulsion.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "beamed-energy propulsion", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass did not reproduce performance estimates or endorse directed-energy applications. It is civil/defensive technology-roadmap context, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20160014801", "title": "Conventional and Bimodal Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) Artificial Gravity Mars Transfer Vehicle Concepts", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20160014801", "recordFingerprint": "135b6fc39b139057af983b8cd5a71c3168a27d9729bedd647136f4ff7ff73b77", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20160014801", "title": "Conventional and Bimodal Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) Artificial Gravity Mars Transfer Vehicle Concepts", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20160014801", "topic": "structures-shielding", "year": 2016, "publishedAt": "2016-12-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Borowski, Stanley K.", "McCurdy, David R.", "Packard, Thomas W." ], "publisher": "Glenn Research Center", "resourceType": "Technical Memorandum (TM)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "A variety of countermeasures have been developed to address the debilitating physiological effects of zero-gravity (0-g) experienced by cosmonauts and astronauts during their approximately 0.5 to 1.2 year long stays in low Earth orbit (LEO). Longer interplanetary flights, combined with possible prolonged stays in Mars orbit, could subject crewmembers to up to approximately 2.5 years of weightlessness. In view of known and recently diagnosed problems associated with 0-g, an artificial gravity (AG) spacecraft offers many advantages and may indeed be an enabling technology for human flights to Mars. A number of important human factors must be taken into account in selecting the rotation radius, rotation rate, and orientation of the habitation module or modules. These factors include the gravity gradient effect, radial and tangential Coriolis forces, along with cross-coupled acceleration effects. Artificial gravity Mars transfer vehicle (MTV) concepts are presented that utilize both conventional NTR, as well as, enhanced bimodal nuclear thermal rocket (BNTR) propulsion. The NTR is a proven technology that generates high thrust and has a specific impulse (Isp) capability of approximately 900 s-twice that of today's best chemical rockets. The AG/MTV concepts using conventional Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) carry twin cylindrical International Space Station (ISS)- type habitation modules with their long axes oriented either perpendicular or parallel to the longitudinal spin axis of the MTV and utilize photovoltaic arrays (PVAs) for spacecraft power. The twin habitat modules are connected to a central operations hub located at the front of the MTV via two pressurized tunnels that provide the rotation radius for the habitat modules. For the BNTR AG/MTV option, each engine has its own closed secondary helium(He)-xenon (Xe) gas loop and Brayton Rotating Unit (BRU) that can generate 10s of kilowatts (kWe) of spacecraft electrical power during the mission coast phase eliminating the need for large PVAs. A single inflatable TransHab-type habitation module is also used with multiple vertical floors oriented radial to the MTV spin axis. The BNTR MTV's geometry-long and linear-is naturally compatible with AG operation. By rotating the vehicle about its center-of-mass (CM) and perpendicular to its flight vector at approximately 3.0 to 5.2 rpm, a centrifugal force and AG environment corresponding to approximately 0.38 to 1.0 g can be established to help maintain crew fitness out to Mars and back. Vehicles using NTP/ Bimodal Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (BNTP) can more readily accommodate the heavier payload mass and increased RCS propellant loading associated with AG operation, and can travel faster to and from Mars thereby reducing the crew's exposure to galactic cosmic radiation and solar flares. Mission scenario descriptions, key vehicle features and operational characteristics for each propulsion option are presented using the lift capability and payload volumes estimated for the Space Launch System (SLS)-1B and followon Heavy Lift Vehicle (HLV).", "keywords": [ "Nuclear Propulsion", "Mars spacecraft", "Artifical gravity" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for a nuclear-thermal Mars vehicle concept using artificial gravity, useful for studying rotating architecture, propulsion integration, deployment, loads, and mission trades.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "artificial-gravity vehicle architecture", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists a technical memorandum, but this curation did not validate reactor safety, rotation dynamics, human-health benefit, or mission performance. It is high-consequence concept context, not endorsement or feasibility evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20170003307", "title": "Radiation -- A Cosmic Hazard to Human Habitation in Space", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20170003307", "recordFingerprint": "ee6a6f27095b35d368aba88b4d0f6e5f213ee78bbe2744fbf0f3e645d86697e1", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20170003307", "title": "Radiation -- A Cosmic Hazard to Human Habitation in Space", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20170003307", "topic": "radiation-environment", "year": 2017, "publishedAt": "2017-03-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Lewis, Ruthan", "Pellish, Jonathan" ], "publisher": "Goddard Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Presentation", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Radiation exposure is one of the greatest environmental threats to the performance and success of human and robotic space missions. Radiation permeates all space and aeronautical systems, challenges optimal and reliable performance, and tests survival and survivability. We will discuss the broad scope of research, technological, and operational considerations to forecast and mitigate the effects of the radiation environment for deep space and planetary exploration. ", "keywords": [ " Radiation mitigation", " human spaceflight", "Radiation" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for a cross-disciplinary framing of cosmic radiation as a constraint on sustained human habitation and for its linkage of environment, shielding, biology, and operations.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "cosmic radiation hazard", "evidenceBoundary": "The record is a broad synthesis, and this curation did not validate numerical risk estimates or countermeasure performance. It is hazard-framing context, not a substitute for reviewed health or engineering evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20170007809", "title": "Plant Growth Optimization by Vegetable Production System in HI-SEAS Analog Habitat", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20170007809", "recordFingerprint": "e178a9db598265a6ed8f3bcc3313d0e5a521f8504a474b3b2f302479bd7bc497", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20170007809", "title": "Plant Growth Optimization by Vegetable Production System in HI-SEAS Analog Habitat", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20170007809", "topic": "analogs-verification", "year": 2017, "publishedAt": "2017-09-12T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Ehrlich, Joshua W.", "Massa, Gioia D.", "Wheeler, Raymond M.", "Gill, Tracy R.", "Quincy, Charles D.", "Roberson, Luke B.", "Binsted, Kim", "Morrow, Robert C." ], "publisher": "Kennedy Space Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The Vegetable Production System (Veggie) is a scientific payload designed to support plant growth for food production under microgravity conditions. The configuration of Veggie consists of an LED lighting system with modular rooting pillows designed to contain substrate media and time-release fertilizer. The pillows were designed to be watered passively using capillary principles but have typically been watered manually by the astronauts in low-Earth orbit (LEO). The design of Veggie allows cabin air to be drawn through the plant enclosure for thermal and humidity control and for supplying CO2 to the plants. Since its delivery to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2014, Veggie has undergone several experimental trials by various crews. Ground unit testing of Veggie was conducted during an 8-month Mars analog study in a semi-contained environment of a simulated habitat located at approximately 8,200 feet (2,500 m) elevation on the Mauna Loa volcano on the Island of Hawaii. The Hawaii Space Exploration Analog and Simulation (HI-SEAS) offered conditions (habitat, mission, communications, etc.) intended to simulate a planetary exploration mission. This paper provides data and analyses to show the prospect for optimized use of the current Veggie design for human habitats. Lessons learned during the study may provide opportunities for updating the system design and operational parameters for current Veggie experiments being conducted onboard the ISS and for payloads on future deep space missions.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because it reports Veggie operation in the HI-SEAS analog, connecting crop hardware, crew operations, and bounded habitat testing.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "space-crop-analogs", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this conference paper was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20190002082", "title": "Rodent Research Development for Long Duration Studies on the International Space Station", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20190002082", "recordFingerprint": "738b79a19af0946df543ac38e0e8b6e91671965bd51d22436a543c724588cee2", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20190002082", "title": "Rodent Research Development for Long Duration Studies on the International Space Station", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20190002082", "topic": "health-medicine", "year": 2014, "publishedAt": "2014-02-12T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Globus, R. K.", "Choi, S.", "Leveson-Gower, D.", "Wigley, C. L.", "Pletcher, D.", "Souza, JK", "Beegle, J." ], "publisher": "Ames Research Center", "resourceType": "Abstract", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Rodent research in space is needed to advance our understanding of the health risks,consequences and possible countermeasures to protect crew during future, long duration missions. TheAnimal Enclosure Module (AEM) was designed originally to support habitation of rats and mice onrelatively short duration, Shuttle missions (<19 days). The AEM was flown previously on 27 SpaceShuttle missions, and recently was modified extensively to support future long duration space biology andbiomedical research on the International Space Station (ISS). In consultation with a Science WorkingGroup comprised of veterinarians and investigators experienced in rodent spaceflight experimentation inspace, the Rodent Habitat project team at Ames Research Center modified existing hardware, developednew hardware, operations, and science activities, and performed a series of ground-based operational andscience habitat verification tests in preparation for the first validation flight.", "keywords": [ "long duration studies", "rodent research" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2014 abstract from Ames Research Center specifically covers “Rodent Research Development for Long Duration Studies on the International Space Station”; its abstract describes Rodent research in space is needed to advance our understanding of the health risks,consequences and possible countermeasures to protect crew during future, long duration… This materially informs GShips health and autonomous medicine.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "health and autonomous medicine", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20190027510", "title": "Application of Synthetic Biology to Bioregenerative Life Support for Human Spaceflight", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20190027510", "recordFingerprint": "cfd6daacd893d35c69f8de6f18e7724d7cbcc398684c212e5a69f86484bd8638", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20190027510", "title": "Application of Synthetic Biology to Bioregenerative Life Support for Human Spaceflight", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20190027510", "topic": "ecology-food", "year": 2014, "publishedAt": "2014-10-22T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Dougherty, Michael J.", "Kliss, Mark H." ], "publisher": "Ames Research Center", "resourceType": "Poster", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The conversion of carbon dioxide into higher value products is a key challenge for the development of closed-loop life support systems for human space flight. Much of the past research on bioregenerative life support systems has focused on plant growth chambers as a solution for CO2 removal and O2 generation, but photosynthetic microorganisms may also have a role to play in these functions. Cyanobacteria have the advantages of relatively high CO2 fixation rates and fairly well-developed molecular biology tools, allowing for genetic engineering approaches to strain improvement. Manned missions to Mars or other targets beyond low Earth orbit will require advances in the nutritional systems for life support on these longer duration missions. A key challenge will likely be supplementing pre-packaged meals with specific nutrients that will be deficient due to problems in long-term storage or low abundance. Vitamin K is one such nutrient that may be important as a supplement. Production of vitamin K for nutrient supplementation during spaceflight will likely require genetic engineering of microorganisms to increase vitamin titers. A microbial bioreactor system that could efficiently convert CO2 to nutritional supplements would be a valuable component for a future advanced life support system. We are exploring biological systems to determine the feasibility of using bioreactors to convert CO2 to higher-value products. We are examining the performance of photosynthetic bacteria engineered to produce sugars, determining rates of production and reliability. We are also engineering microbes to produce higher titers of vitamin K and other potentially important nutrients. The results of this research will offer demonstrations of potential technologies that could be developed further in the future. This work will also provide valuable information for understanding basic science questions about the use of genetically engineered microbes in the microgravity environment.", "keywords": [ "Bioregenerative life support", "Microbial bioreactor" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Application of Synthetic Biology to Bioregenerative Life Support for Human Spaceflight” covers Bioregenerative life support, Microbial bioreactor; it materially informs GShips work on synthetic biology and life support.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "synthetic-biology-and-life-support", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this poster was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20210005015", "title": "Autonomous Spacecraft Guidance and Control", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20210005015", "recordFingerprint": "1ebded738a62ca3ca442dd5b16c8318006b5a31cdf1fe852ecae528ed7d0dbef", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20210005015", "title": "Autonomous Spacecraft Guidance and Control", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210005015", "topic": "ai-autonomy", "year": 1996, "publishedAt": "1996-07-29T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Lin, C. F.", "Mettler, E.", "Hadaegh, F. Y." ], "publisher": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "resourceType": "Other", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "By the next decade, spacecraft will be highly miniaturized and automated to realize much lower life-cycle costs in comparison to todays counterparts. These small spacecraft will have highly autonomous control systems for spacecraft attitude, maneuver, and orbit control.", "keywords": [ "small", "spacecraft", "automated", "spacecraft", "miniature", "spacecraft", "autonomous", "control" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Autonomous Spacecraft Guidance and Control” covers small, spacecraft, automated, miniature; it materially informs GShips work on guidance and control.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "guidance-and-control", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides metadata and an abstract, not reviewed full text; methods, results, and current applicability remain unverified. Inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20210014035", "title": "A Distributed Approach to High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking Within a Virtualized Environment", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20210014035", "recordFingerprint": "37768c70e57d7d18341a20fd79cc06e92864bab78bba797b9e0eda4fd1ac8afb", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20210014035", "title": "A Distributed Approach to High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking Within a Virtualized Environment", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210014035", "topic": "communications-navigation", "year": 2021, "publishedAt": "2021-06-21T04:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Rachel Dudukovich", "Blake A LaFuente", "Alan Hylton", "Brian Tomko", "Jeffrey Follo" ], "publisher": "IEEE", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking (HDTN) project has taken a distributed service-based approach to the development of a highly efficient delay tolerant networking (DTN) implementation. Through the analysis of many DTN implementations, system and mission requirements as well as the DTN protocol specifications, HDTN has worked to infuse modern computing technologies into the NASA approach to interplanetary networking. \n\nThe initial use case of the HDTN software runs on a hypervisor representative of the International Space Station (ISS) DTN Gateway. In this scenario, multiple emulated payloads will send science data through HDTN to a mission operations center. HDTN will provide store and forward capability as well as network flow management.\n\nThis paper discusses the infusion path of cognitive networking technologies in the NASA SCaN networks using the DTN architecture and protocols as the basis for cognitive routing and network management capabilities. HDTN has been developing the Bundle Protocol encoding and decoding mechanisms and messaging framework that can be used as the basis for integrating DTN with various learning and decision-making processes. The concepts of distributed computing, network virtualization, software defined networking and delay tolerant networking are basic building blocks which will further the development of cognitive networking. In addition to discussion of the HDTN software development and testing, this paper examines the role that each of these technologies play in the evolution of the current state of space networking into an intelligent network of networks. ", "keywords": [ "Delay Tolerant Networking", "Cognitive Networking", "Network Function Virtualization" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “A Distributed Approach to High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking Within a Virtualized Environment” covers Delay Tolerant Networking, Cognitive Networking, Network Function Virtualization; it materially informs GShips work on delay tolerant networking.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "delay-tolerant-networking", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this conference paper was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20210021782", "title": "Internal Architecture of the Common Habitat", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20210021782", "recordFingerprint": "3c555b6bfe55f2dcfaa3ba88dabf4e6569696e6dfdc0413d1a12eeb12135b743", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20210021782", "title": "Internal Architecture of the Common Habitat", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210021782", "topic": "structures-shielding", "year": 2021, "publishedAt": "2021-10-15T05:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Robert L Howard" ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The core stage liquid oxygen tank of the Space Launch System can be manufactured as a habitat instead of as a propellant tank, with a common design such that it is equally suitable for use in 0g, 1/6g, 3/8g, 1g, or variable artificial gravity. It is capable of sustaining a crew size of eight for missions up to 1200 days in duration. This Common Habitat can be the central element of a human spaceflight architecture that encompasses the Moon, Mars, and other destinations within the inner solar system. Within this archtiecture, the Common Habitat is specifically used as the core habitation element within a Lunar Base Camp, Mars Base Camp, and the Deep Space Exploration Vehicle. The Common Habitat internal architecture applies a design philosophy to separate crew functions according to deck. The lower deck is reserved for private functions. It includes eight private crew quarters and four waste and hygiene clusters – each with a private waste management compartment, private full body hygiene compartment, and private foyer/clothes changing area. The mid deck is primarily allocated to mission-related functions. It includes an exercise facility, fabrication / maintenance / repair facility, physical science laboratory (physics, geology, and remote sensing: astronomy, heliophysics, planetary science, and Earth science), and life science laboratory (biology and human research). The mid deck also has four external hatches, clocked one every 90 degrees, centered on the vehicle vertical centerline. Each hatch has a 60-inch tall by 40-inch wide opening with the mid deck floor 16 inches below the bottom lip of the hatch opening. The upper deck also includes some mission functions, but is primarily allocated to social functions. It includes a large galley, wardroom with projector and display screen, plant growth chambers, bulk stowage, command and control station, medical facility, hygiene compartment, and vehicle subsystems. ", "keywords": [ "Habitability", "Human Factors", "Common Habitat", "Lunar Outpost", "Mars Outpost", "Transit Habitat", "Deep Space Habitat" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for a reusable habitat architecture intended to serve surface, transit, and orbital roles, exposing commonality, reconfiguration, logistics, and integration tradeoffs.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "common habitat architecture", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists accessible full text, but this pass did not validate requirements, mass, safety, maintainability, or cross-mission commonality. It is architecture context, not flight-ready or generation-ship design evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20210026035", "title": "Europan Molecular Indicators of Life Investigation (EMILI) for a Future Europa Lander Mission", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20210026035", "recordFingerprint": "ee8d91453b091f3d171103d23a002f9454d6eab6f3b35db5c59b8d90bac4a963", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20210026035", "title": "Europan Molecular Indicators of Life Investigation (EMILI) for a Future Europa Lander Mission", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210026035", "topic": "destinations-astrobiology", "year": 2022, "publishedAt": "2022-01-13T05:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "William B. Brinckerhoff", "Peter A. Willis", "Antonio J. Ricco", "Desmond A. Kaplan", "Ryan M. Danell", "Andrej Grubisic", "Maria F. Mora", "Jessica S. Creamer" ], "publisher": "Frontiers Media ", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The Europan Molecular Indicators of Life Investigation (EMILI) is an instrument concept being developed for the Europa Lander mission currently under study. EMILI will meet and exceed the scientific and technical/resource requirements of the organic composition analyzer identified as a core instrument on the Lander. EMILI tightly couples two complementary analytical techniques, based on 1) liquid extraction and processing with capillary electrophoresis and 2) thermal and chemical extraction with gas chromatography, to robustly detect, structurally characterize, and quantify the broadest range of organics and other Europan chemicals over widely-varying concentrations. Dual processing and analysis paths enable EMILI to perform a thorough characterization of potential molecular biosignatures and contextual compounds in collected surface samples. Here we present a summary of the requirements, design, and development status of EMILI with projected scientific opportunities on the Europa Lander as well as on other potential life detection missions seeking potential molecular biosignatures in situ.", "keywords": [ "Europa", "mass spectrometry", "capillary electrophoresis", "gas chromatogrpahy", "life detection", "biosignature" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Europan Molecular Indicators of Life Investigation (EMILI) for a Future Europa Lander Mission” covers Europa, mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, gas chromatogrpahy; it materially informs GShips work on life detection instruments.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "life-detection-instruments", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this reprint (version printed in journal) was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20220002708", "title": "Medicine in the Final Frontier Technologies to Enable Autonomous Prolonged (Field) Care in Space", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20220002708", "recordFingerprint": "8b56759fd922b8ea59a127981ea8c3f9aaf4cc740e81e89e6261aa5eca1e6a99", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20220002708", "title": "Medicine in the Final Frontier Technologies to Enable Autonomous Prolonged (Field) Care in Space", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220002708", "topic": "health-medicine", "year": 2022, "publishedAt": "2022-08-22T05:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "K R Lehnhardt", "B Easter", "S E Phelps", "B Reyna" ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "N: The planning and execution of comprehensive “Prolonged Care” strategies are increasingly considered as fundamental operational concepts within the spheres of both military and non-military expeditionary medicine. Numerous advances in recent years have enabled the decentralization of health-related technology that has empowered medical - and even non-medical providers - to offer quality care farther afield and for increasingly extended periods of separation from traditional support structures. However, the operational concepts behind today’s Prolonged Care paradigms are still largely dependent upon external support, including high-bandwidth telemedicine communications technologies (that allow ready access to centralized expertise), robust resupply pathways, and ultimately, on the timely evacuation of the sick and injured. What would happen if none of these support systems were readily available? Extremely remote Prolonged Care is one of the most significant challenges that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) faces when preparing to expand human space exploration beyond the International Space Station (ISS) to deep space including the Moon and Mars. Continuous human presence on the International Space Station (ISS) in low Earth orbit for the past 20 years has demonstrated that indeed medical operations can be successfully executed with continuous real-time communications, frequent resupply missions, and the availability of rapid evacuation options. However, as time-distance factors from Earth increase with our pursuit and changing focus towards deep space missions, these resources and capabilities will no longer be available. As a result, space medicine operations will need to become more autonomous and less dependent upon mission support from Earth – requiring our attention and efforts to build robust capabilities that support the ultimate expression of the term “Prolonged Field Care.”", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2022 conference paper from Johnson Space Center specifically covers “Medicine in the Final Frontier Technologies to Enable Autonomous Prolonged (Field) Care in Space”; its abstract describes N: The planning and execution of comprehensive “Prolonged Care” strategies are increasingly considered as fundamental operational concepts within the spheres of both… This materially informs GShips health and autonomous medicine.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "health and autonomous medicine", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20230001194", "title": " Comparative Habitability of Transiting Exoplanets", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20230001194", "recordFingerprint": "f2e549ad7c4507dcca5a142420b0c635f9290e6c0319e215403c06dfc11901b1", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20230001194", "title": " Comparative Habitability of Transiting Exoplanets", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230001194", "topic": "destinations-astrobiology", "year": 2015, "publishedAt": "2015-11-19T05:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Rory Barnes", "Victoria S Meadows", "Nicole Evans" ], "publisher": "American Astronomical Society", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Exoplanet habitability is traditionally assessed by comparing a planet’s semimajor axis to the location of its host star’s “habitable zone,” the shell around a star for which Earth-like planets can possess liquid surface water. The Kepler space telescope has discovered numerous planet candidates near the habitable zone, and many more are expected from missions such as K2, TESS, and PLATO. These candidates often require significant follow-up observations for validation, so prioritizing planets for habitability from transit data has become an important aspect of the search for life in the universe. We propose a method to compare transiting planets for their potential to support life based on transit data, stellar properties and previously reported limits on planetary emitted flux. For a planet in radiative equilibrium, the emitted flux increases with eccentricity, but decreases with albedo. As these parameters are often unconstrained, there is an “eccentricity-albedo degeneracy” for the habitability of transiting exoplanets. Our method mitigates this degeneracy, includes a penalty for large-radius planets, uses terrestrial mass–radius relationships, and, when available, constraints on eccentricity to compute a number we call the “habitability index for transiting exoplanets” that represents the relative probability that an exoplanet could support liquid surface water. We calculate it for Kepler objects of interest and find that planets that receive between 60% and 90% of the Earth’s incident radiation, assuming circular orbits, are most likely to be habitable. Finally, we make predictions for the upcoming TESS and James Webb Space Telescope missions. ", "keywords": [ "Planet and satellite surfaces" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Comparative Habitability of Transiting Exoplanets” covers Planet and satellite surfaces; it materially informs GShips work on planetary habitability modeling.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "planetary-habitability-modeling", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this reprint (version printed in journal) was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20230012983", "title": "Lunar Mining and Processing: Considerations for Responsible Space Mining & Connections to Terrestrial Mining", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20230012983", "recordFingerprint": "f7c042b9aa6be932da792bd088969e70a8e6803e03bdb1f6b6772cd218d22a11", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20230012983", "title": "Lunar Mining and Processing: Considerations for Responsible Space Mining & Connections to Terrestrial Mining", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230012983", "topic": "manufacturing-isru", "year": 2023, "publishedAt": "2023-10-23T05:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Gerald B Sanders", "Julie E Kleinhenz", "Dale Boucher" ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States of America (US) has initiated the Artemis Moon to Mars program to send astronauts (the first woman and person of color) back to the lunar surface, create a sustainable human lunar exploration program, and lead the first human exploration mission to the Mars surface in the late 2030’s [1]. Besides reinvigorating human exploration beyond low Earth orbit not seen since the Apollo program and enabling new scientific activities and discoveries, a major objective of this program is to characterize the resources that exist on the Moon and Mars, and learn how to utilize them for human exploration and the commercialization of cis-lunar space. Commonly known as In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), the search for, acquisition, and processing of resources in space has the potential to greatly reduce the dependency on transporting mission consumables and infrastructure from Earth, thereby reducing mission costs, risks, and dependency on Earth. With the launch of Artemis I in November 2022 and the anticipation of several robotic missions to the Moon under the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program, greater recognition and excitement about NASA’s Artemis program and lunar exploration activities is growing in the public. With the recognition that past statements and concept videos of human exploration of the Moon are actually becoming real, there is also a growing awareness of the possible positive and negative consequences and impacts these exploration activities may have on the Moon and Mars. On the positive side, the development of ISRU and lunar mining and processing can enable and grow lunar surface exploration and cis-lunar commercial activities, as well as provide benefits to terrestrial industries through spin-in and spin-back of advanced technologies and autonomous operations. On the negative side, there is a perception that space mining will impact the lunar surface and environment negatively for science, and that cultural beliefs about the Moon need to be addressed and considered before these operations occur. This paper will begin to explore the potential driving attributes and guidelines that will address how best to maximize the lessons and connections to terrestrial mining to reduce the risk and cost of lunar ISRU and space commercial activities, enhance efforts to achieve the terrestrial ‘mine of the future’, and provide viable markets for space-derived technologies until commercial space mining is established. This paper will also begin to explore the potential driving attributes and guidelines that could address how to minimize the environmental and surface impacts of lunar ISRU and foster ‘responsible’ space mining that can be implemented until more official agreements and treaties are signed. The existing robust mining regulations adopted globally will be used as a basis for this examination and suggestions will be presented to adopt these agreements for use in space mining.", "keywords": [ "ISRU", "Mining", "Resource Exploration", "Terrestrial", "lunar" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2023 conference paper from Johnson Space Center specifically covers “Lunar Mining and Processing: Considerations for Responsible Space Mining & Connections to Terrestrial Mining”; its abstract describes The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States of America (US) has initiated the Artemis Moon to Mars program to send astronauts (the first… This materially informs GShips manufacturing and ISRU.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "manufacturing and ISRU", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. 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