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Inclusion supplies context; it is not automatically evidence for a provisional claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19650030825", "title": "Deep space communication.", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19650030825", "recordFingerprint": "23bee12fbbc7a291b0e9a54166d9cc214e14a8a14c722fada7810eb59c736d48", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19650030825", "title": "Deep space communication.", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19650030825", "topic": "communications-navigation", "year": 1964, "publishedAt": "1964-07-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Thatcher, J. W." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "Time reference standard, two-way doppler, ground and spacecraft antennas, circuit noise reduction and spacecraft acquisition considered in signal transmission from deep space", "keywords": [ "SPACE COMMUNICATION", "SIGNAL TRANSMISSION" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Deep space communication.” covers SPACE COMMUNICATION, SIGNAL TRANSMISSION; it materially informs GShips work on deep space communications.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "deep-space-communications", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides metadata and an abstract, not reviewed full text; methods, results, and current applicability remain unverified. 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E.", "Reames, D. V." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Technical Memorandum (TM)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Source spectra and composition of cosmic rays implied by analysis of interstellar and interplanetary travel", "keywords": [ "INTERSTELLAR TRAVEL", "COSMIC RAY" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1966 technical memorandum (tm) from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “The source spectra and composition of cosmic rays implied by an analysis of interstellar and interplanetary travel”; its abstract describes Source spectra and composition of cosmic rays implied by analysis of interstellar and interplanetary travel This materially informs GShips ethics and alternatives.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "ethics and alternatives", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19770064024", "title": "Regenerative Life Support Evaluation", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19770064024", "recordFingerprint": "8ea4521c74b842c472deaa41f30c0328d087a64500f324bd72003791f572eb24", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19770064024", "title": "Regenerative Life Support Evaluation", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19770064024", "topic": "life-support", "year": 1977, "publishedAt": "1977-07-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Kleiner, G. N.", "Thompson, C. D." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "This paper describes the development plan and design concept of the Regenerative Life Support Evaluation (RLSE) planned for flight testing in the European Space Agency Spacelab. The development plan encompasses the ongoing advanced life support subsystem and a systems integration effort to evolve concurrently subsystem concepts that perform their function and can be integrated with other subsystems in a flight demonstration of a regenerative life support system. The design concept for RLSE comprises water-electrolysis O2 generation, electrochemically depolarized CO2 removal, and Sabatier CO2 reduction for atmosphere regeneration, urine vapor-compression distillation, and wash-water hyperfiltration for waste-water recovery. The flight demonstration by RLSE is an important step in qualifying the regenerative concepts for life support in space stations.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1977 conference paper from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “Regenerative Life Support Evaluation”; its abstract describes This paper describes the development plan and design concept of the Regenerative Life Support Evaluation (RLSE) planned for flight testing in the European Space Agency… This materially informs GShips regenerative life support.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "regenerative life support", "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and abstract are open here; full-text methods and results were unavailable for this pass. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19850027273", "title": "Report of the Microbial Development Working Group", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19850027273", "recordFingerprint": "6339b47c97df1ba650485bc1682640b690d1423e926471b5e9872e400a2c4917", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19850027273", "title": "Report of the Microbial Development Working Group", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19850027273", "topic": "reproduction-genetics", "year": 1985, "publishedAt": "1985-09-01T04:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "G Nelson" ], "publisher": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "In formulating ideas on the relationship of gravity to the development, growth, and reproduction of microorganisms, a rather liberal definition of microorganisms is used which includes bacteria, yeasts, protists, filamentous fungi, and single cells in culture. A principal advantage of microorganisms as experimental subjects is the rigor with which they can be defined and controlled. As single cells, each cell may be regarded as identical to the others in the population. This property applies to the morphology, physiology, and genetic parameters of the cells. The growth and development of the population is subject to precise manipulation as the nutritional requirements are known and minimal media formulations have been developed. Growth and differentiation can be manipulated in a variety of ways, such as alteration of the culture temperature and food supply, or by use of mutants. Finally, the short generation times of microorganisms provide the opportunity to conduct multigenerational studies within practical time limits and, in a similar vein, cellular responses to various stimuli or stresses are conveniently monitored because of the rapid response times of single cells.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated as a historical working-group view of microbial growth and development questions, relevant to microbiome control, contamination, bioprocessing, and experimental coordination.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "microbial development research", "evidenceBoundary": "The record is a dated program artifact; individual findings and recommendations were not validated against modern microbiology. It is research-history context, not evidence of habitat microbial safety." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19870017014", "title": "Space station power system", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19870017014", "recordFingerprint": "5693c1d3d5368d5390caabe2d6b6ba43daa43b666bcd9ea0becc8d3e9f3e2e82", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19870017014", "title": "Space station power system", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19870017014", "topic": "power-thermal", "year": 1987, "publishedAt": "1987-06-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Baraona, Cosmo R." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The major requirements and guidelines that affect the space station configuration and power system are explained. The evolution of the space station power system from the NASA program development-feasibility phase through the current preliminary design phase is described. Several early station concepts are described and linked to the present concept. Trade study selections of photovoltaic system technologies are described in detail. A summary of present solar dynamic and power management and distribution systems is also given.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for the evolution of station power requirements, configuration, photovoltaic trade studies, solar-dynamic options, and power-management and distribution design.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "space-station power", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass screened metadata and abstract rather than reproducing trades or assessing later program changes. It is historical architecture context, not claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19930020539", "title": "Design of biomass management systems and components for closed loop life support systems", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19930020539", "recordFingerprint": "f10c59cfd497f22316eeb2b1bca90291c99386ac73d263bb75c2b3f242b88436", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19930020539", "title": "Design of biomass management systems and components for closed loop life support systems", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930020539", "topic": "life-support", "year": 1991, "publishedAt": "1991-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The goal of the EGM 4000/1 Design class was to investigate a Biomass Management System (BMS) and design, fabricate, and test components for biomass management in a closed-loop life support system (CLLSS). The designs explored were to contribute to the development of NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) at Kennedy Space Center. Designs included a sectored plant growth unit, a container and transfer mechanism, and an air curtain system for fugitive particle control. The work performed by the class members is summarized.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1991 conference paper from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “Design of biomass management systems and components for closed loop life support systems”; its abstract describes The goal of the EGM 4000/1 Design class was to investigate a Biomass Management System (BMS) and design, fabricate, and test components for biomass management in a… This materially informs GShips regenerative life support.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "regenerative life support", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20030068144", "title": "Envisioning a 21st Century, National, Spacecraft Servicing and Protection Infrastructure and Demand Potential: A Logical Development of the Earth Orbit Economy", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20030068144", "recordFingerprint": "d96f027f0958455846ef5adcad0670ea34d9df8fcd8312d92063f5cedcda0f9d", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20030068144", "title": "Envisioning a 21st Century, National, Spacecraft Servicing and Protection Infrastructure and Demand Potential: A Logical Development of the Earth Orbit Economy", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20030068144", "topic": "cybersecurity", "year": 2003, "publishedAt": "2003-07-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Horsham, Gary A." ], "publisher": "Glenn Research Center", "resourceType": "Technical Memorandum (TM)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The modern world is extremely dependent on thin strings of several hundred civil, military, and commercial spacecraft/satellites currently stationed in space. They provide a steady stream of commerce, defense, and knowledge data. This dependency will in all likelihood increase significantly during this century. A major disruption of any kind in these essential systems and networks could be socially, economically, and politically catastrophic, on a global scale. The development of a space-based, robotic services economy could be useful in mitigating this growing risk, from an efficiency and security standpoint. This paper attempts to suggest what makes sense to invest in next for the logical, economic development of Earth orbit i.e., after ISS completion. It expands on the results of an advanced market research and analysis study that sampled the opinions of several satellite industry executives and presents these results within a broad policy context. The concept of a spacecraft carrier that serves as the nucleus of a national, space-based or on-orbit, robotic services infrastructure is introduced as the next logical step for United States leadership in space. This is viewed as a reasonable and appropriate followon to the development of ELVs and satellites in the 1950s and 1960s, the Space Shuttle/PRLV in the 1970s and 1980s, and the International Space Station (ISS) in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. Large-scale experience in LEO-to-GEO spacecraft/satellite servicing and protection by robotic means is assumed to be an indispensable prerequisite or stepping-stone toward the development and preservation of the large scientific exploration facilities that are envisioned by NASA for operation beyond GEO. A balanced, return on national investment (RONI) strategy for space, focused on the provision of enhanced national/homeland security for increased protection, national economic/industrial expansion for increased revenue, and national scientific exploration for increased knowledge is recommended as the next strong, irrepressible goal toward realizing and achieving the official NASA vision and mission.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Envisioning a 21st Century, National, Spacecraft Servicing and Protection Infrastructure and Demand Potential: A Logical Development of the Earth Orbit Economy” covers The modern world is extremely dependent on thin strings of several hundred civil, military, and commercial spacecraft/satellites currently; it materially informs GShips work on space economy infrastructure.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "space-economy-infrastructure", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this technical memorandum (tm) was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20070036793", "title": "Why We Explore: The Value of Space Exploration for Future Generations", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20070036793", "recordFingerprint": "436ec7880e7cc0c0fed0be84610fe4ab391d5d5a758cc61d42081e369cef63ac", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20070036793", "title": "Why We Explore: The Value of Space Exploration for Future Generations", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20070036793", "topic": "ethics-alternatives", "year": 2007, "publishedAt": "2007-09-18T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Cook, Stephen A.", "Armstrong, Robert C., Jr." ], "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Extended Abstract", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and its industry partners are making measurable progress toward delivering new human space transportation capabilities to serve as the catalyst for a new era of discovery, as directed by the U.S. Vision for Space Exploration. In the interest of ensuring prolonged support, the Agency encourages space advocates of all stripes to accurately portray both the tangible and intangible benefits of space exploration, especially its value for future generations. This may be done not only by emphasizing the nation's return on its aerospace investment, but also by highlighting enabling security features and by promoting the scientific and technological benefits that accrue from the human exploration of space. As America embarks on a new era of leadership and international partnership on the next frontier, we are poised to master space by living off-planet on the Moon to prepare astronauts for longer journeys to Mars. These and other relevant facts should be clearly in the view of influential decision-makers and the American taxpayers, and we must increasingly involve those on whom the long-term sustainability of space exploration ultimately depends: America's youth. This paper will examine three areas of concrete benefits for future generations: fundamental security, economic enterprise, and high-technology advancements spurred by the innovation that scientific discovery demands.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2007 extended abstract from Marshall Space Flight Center specifically covers “Why We Explore: The Value of Space Exploration for Future Generations”; its abstract describes The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and its industry partners are making measurable progress toward delivering new human space transportation… This materially informs GShips ethics and alternatives.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "ethics and alternatives", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20140000592", "title": "Habitat Design Considerations for Implementing Solar Particle Event Radiation Protection", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20140000592", "recordFingerprint": "277f0864df0df8fa439526e1ca1eae019679f96dc9ffd7b37778012d07e2f597", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20140000592", "title": "Habitat Design Considerations for Implementing Solar Particle Event Radiation Protection", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20140000592", "topic": "structures-shielding", "year": 2013, "publishedAt": "2013-07-14T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Simon, Mathew A.", "Clowdsley, Martha S.", "Walker, Steven A." ], "publisher": "Langley Research Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Radiation protection is an important habitat design consideration for human exploration missions beyond Low Earth Orbit. Fortunately, radiation shelter concepts can effectively reduce astronaut exposure for the relatively low proton energies of solar particle events, enabling moderate duration missions of several months before astronaut exposure (galactic cosmic ray and solar particle event) approaches radiation exposure limits. In order to minimize habitat mass for increasingly challenging missions, design of radiation shelters must minimize dedicated, single-purpose shielding mass by leveraging the design and placement of habitat subsystems, accommodations, and consumables. NASA's Advanced Exploration Systems RadWorks Storm Shelter Team has recently designed and performed radiation analysis on several low dedicated mass shelter concepts for a year-long mission. This paper describes habitat design considerations identified during the study's radiation analysis. These considerations include placement of the shelter within a habitat for improved protection, integration of human factors guidance for sizing shelters, identification of potential opportunities for habitat subsystems to compromise on individual subsystem performances for overall vehicle mass reductions, and pre-configuration of shelter components for reduced deployment times.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for habitat shelter design against solar-particle events, including placement, material allocation, crew access, and integration with existing stores and structure.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "solar particle event shelter", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS metadata and abstract provide design context, but this pass did not validate transport models, event spectra, dose limits, or operational procedures. It is shelter-method context, not guaranteed protection evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20140011736", "title": "How HRP Research Results Contribute to Human Space Exploration Risk Mitigation", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20140011736", "recordFingerprint": "8514edb32ca6921f30910766ac1584152cb022e1c10a60bf204d709580901552", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20140011736", "title": "How HRP Research Results Contribute to Human Space Exploration Risk Mitigation", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20140011736", "topic": "health-medicine", "year": 2014, "publishedAt": "2014-02-13T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Lumpkins, Sarah", "Mindock, Jennifer" ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Presentation", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "In addition to the scientific value of publications derived from research, results from Human Research Program (HRP) research also support HRP's goals of mitigating crew health and performance risks in space flight. Research results are used to build the evidence base characterizing crew health and performance risks, to support risk research plan development, to inform crew health and performance standards, and to provide technologies to programs for meeting those standards and optimizing crew health and performance in space. This talk will describe examples of how research results support these efforts. For example, HRP research results are used to revise or even create new standards for human space flight, which have been established to protect crew health and performance during flight, and prevent negative long-term health consequences due to space flight. These standards are based on the best available clinical and scientific evidence, as well as operational experience from previous space flight missions, and are reviewed as new evidence emerges. Research results are also used to update the HRP evidence base, which is comprised of a set of reports that provide a current record of the state of knowledge from research and operations for each of the defined human health and performance risks for future NASA exploration missions. A discussion of the role of evidence within the HRP architecture will also be presented. The scope of HRP research results extends well beyond publications, as they are used in several capacities to support HRP deliverables and, ultimately, the advancement of human space exploration beyond low-Earth orbit.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2014 presentation from Johnson Space Center specifically covers “How HRP Research Results Contribute to Human Space Exploration Risk Mitigation”; its abstract describes In addition to the scientific value of publications derived from research, results from Human Research Program (HRP) research also support HRP's goals of mitigating crew… This materially informs GShips health and autonomous medicine.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "health and autonomous medicine", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20140012950", "title": "System Engineering of Photonic Systems for Space Application", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20140012950", "recordFingerprint": "c168422865360cd2e19d2d99cf95be28b9bda30ab1e3f6f1bd0d8f6a31aa17fd", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20140012950", "title": "System Engineering of Photonic Systems for Space Application", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20140012950", "topic": "institutions-workforce", "year": 2014, "publishedAt": "2014-08-17T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Watson, Michael D.", "Pryor, Jonathan E." ], "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The application of photonics in space systems requires tight integration with the spacecraft systems to ensure accurate operation. This requires some detailed and specific system engineering to properly incorporate the photonics into the spacecraft architecture and to guide the spacecraft architecture in supporting the photonics devices. Recent research in product focused, elegant system engineering has led to a system approach which provides a robust approach to this integration. Focusing on the mission application and the integration of the spacecraft system physics incorporation of the photonics can be efficiently and effectively accomplished. This requires a clear understanding of the driving physics properties of the photonics device to ensure proper integration with no unintended consequences. The driving physics considerations in terms of optical performance will be identified for their use in system integration. Keywords: System Engineering, Optical Transfer Function, Optical Physics, Photonics, Image Jitter, Launch Vehicle, System Integration, Organizational Interaction", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2014 conference paper from Marshall Space Flight Center specifically covers “System Engineering of Photonic Systems for Space Application”; its abstract describes The application of photonics in space systems requires tight integration with the spacecraft systems to ensure accurate operation. This requires some detailed and specific… This materially informs GShips institutions and workforce.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "institutions and workforce", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20160008225", "title": "Modernization of the Cassini Ground System", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20160008225", "recordFingerprint": "0dd7521db44061f8f4a003bca517fed02b11bc1180081bbe588cca847183fe2c", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20160008225", "title": "Modernization of the Cassini Ground System", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20160008225", "topic": "cybersecurity", "year": 2014, "publishedAt": "2014-05-05T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Razo, Gus", "Fujii, Tammy J." ], "publisher": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "resourceType": "Preprint (Draft being sent to journal)", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "The Cassini Spacecraft and its ground system have been operational for over 16 years. Modernization presents several challenges due to the personnel, processes, and tools already invested and embedded into the current ground system structure. Every mission's ground system has its own unique complexities and challenges, involving various organizational units. As any mission from its inception to its execution, schedules are always tight. This forces GDS engineers to implement a working ground system that is not necessarily fully optimized. Ground system challenges increase as technology evolves and cyber threats become more sophisticated. Cassini's main challenges were due to its ground system existing before many security requirements were levied on the multi-mission tools and networks. This caused a domino effect on Cassini GDS tools that relied on outdated technological features. In the aerospace industry reliable and established technology is preferred over innovative yet less proven technology. Loss of data for a spacecraft mission can be catastrophic; therefore, there is a reluctance to make changes and updates to the ground system. Nevertheless, all missions and associated teams face the need to modernize their processes and tools. Systems development methods from well-known system analysis and design principles can be applied to many missions' ground systems. Modernization should always be considered, but should be done in such a way that it does not affect flexibility nor interfere with established practices. Cassini has accomplished a secure and efficient ground data system through periodic updates. The obstacles faced while performing the modernization of the Cassini ground system will be outlined, as well as the advantages and challenges that were encountered. ", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Modernization of the Cassini Ground System” covers The Cassini Spacecraft and its ground system have been operational for over 16 years. Modernization presents several challenges; it materially informs GShips work on legacy ground system modernization.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "legacy-ground-system-modernization", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides metadata and an abstract, not reviewed full text; methods, results, and current applicability remain unverified. Inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20170009136", "title": "Solar System Exploration Augmented by In-Situ Resource Utilization: Mercury and Saturn Propulsion Investigations", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20170009136", "recordFingerprint": "7a203bb317297cf2d42cb46d89e39074e227095b116c2a6eacc60b5c375a47c6", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20170009136", "title": "Solar System Exploration Augmented by In-Situ Resource Utilization: Mercury and Saturn Propulsion Investigations", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20170009136", "topic": "manufacturing-isru", "year": 2016, "publishedAt": "2016-01-04T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Palaszewski, Bryan" ], "publisher": "Glenn Research Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Human and robotic missions to Mercury and Saturn are presented and analyzed with a range of propulsion options. Historical studies of space exploration, in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), and industrialization all point to the vastness of natural resources in the solar system. Advanced propulsion benefitted from these resources in many ways. While advanced propulsion systems were proposed in these historical studies, further investigation of nuclear options using high power nuclear thermal and nuclear pulse propulsion as well as advanced chemical propulsion can significantly enhance these scenarios. Updated analyses based on these historical visions will be presented. Nuclear thermal propulsion and ISRU enhanced chemical propulsion landers are assessed for Mercury missions. At Saturn, nuclear pulse propulsion with alternate propellant feed systems and Titan exploration with chemical propulsion options are discussed. In-situ resource utilization was found to be critical in making Mercury missions more amenable for human visits. At Saturn, refueling using local atmospheric mining was found to be difficult to impractical, while refueling the Saturn missions from Uranus was more practical and less complex.", "keywords": [ "space propulsion", "nuclear power", "in-situ resource utilization" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2016 conference paper from Glenn Research Center specifically covers “Solar System Exploration Augmented by In-Situ Resource Utilization: Mercury and Saturn Propulsion Investigations”; its abstract describes Human and robotic missions to Mercury and Saturn are presented and analyzed with a range of propulsion options. Historical studies of space exploration, in-situ resource… This materially informs GShips manufacturing and ISRU.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "manufacturing and ISRU", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20180004500", "title": "Preliminary Analysis of the Gradient Field Imploding Liner Fusion Propulsion Concept", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20180004500", "recordFingerprint": "a6ef00cc4543ad1aeed1d9fd6a94bb3b1c4b28f316f3d85ecf554a0c6e8d45c9", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20180004500", "title": "Preliminary Analysis of the Gradient Field Imploding Liner Fusion Propulsion Concept", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180004500", "topic": "propulsion", "year": 2018, "publishedAt": "2018-07-09T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "LaPointe, M.", "Adams, R.", "Cassibry, J.", "Zweiner, M.", "Gilland, J." ], "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The advancement of human deep space exploration requires the continued development of energetic in-space propulsion systems, advancing from current chemical engines to nuclear thermal rockets to future high energy concepts such as nuclear fusion. This paper presents the initial results of a NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Phase I study funded to investigate the feasibility of a new pulsed fusion propulsion concept based on the rapid implosion of a fuel target injected at high velocity into a strong stationary magnetic field. The proposed concept takes advantage of the significant advances in terrestrial magneto-inertial fusion designs while attempting to mitigate the most common engineering impediments to in-space propulsion applications. A semi-analytic numerical model used to estimate target compression physics and energy release is presented, leading to estimates for engine performance. A preliminary vehicle design concept is outlined, and representative trajectory analyses for rapid Mars and Saturn missions are provided. The paper concludes with an overview of proposed next steps for theoretical and experimental validation of the concept.", "keywords": [ "Propulsion", "Exploration", "Fusion" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for the Phase I gradient-field imploding-liner concept, its pulsed target and magnetic-field architecture, and its stated early feasibility questions.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "fusion propulsion", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but a preliminary NIAC analysis is not a fusion-gain, engine, lifetime, or mission demonstration. It is low-readiness civil context, not claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20200009937", "title": "Assembly and Servicing: STMD Technology Strategy", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20200009937", "recordFingerprint": "408ab95c76b9a8e38a375b05944883346c9dd93c481b00ba6b8bb0fe860db80a", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20200009937", "title": "Assembly and Servicing: STMD Technology Strategy", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20200009937", "topic": "assembly-logistics", "year": 2017, "publishedAt": "2017-10-26T04:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "W Keith Belvin" ], "publisher": "Langley Research Center", "resourceType": "Presentation", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "This briefing describes the strategy and current investments by the Space Technology Mission Directorate in support of in-space assembly and servicing. The capabilities offered by in-space assembly and servicing technologies will be transformative for future space missions.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Assembly and Servicing: STMD Technology Strategy” covers This briefing describes the strategy and current investments by the Space Technology Mission Directorate in support of in-space; it materially informs GShips work on servicing and assembly.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "servicing-and-assembly", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this presentation was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20205009041", "title": "Verification and Validation of Safety-Critical Aircraft Systems Operating under Off-Nominal, Contingency, and Emergency Conditions", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20205009041", "recordFingerprint": "6fada8352de7b75faf3e7d29c34ae08475e127f329e8d84bcd08e15fd60656b8", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20205009041", "title": "Verification and Validation of Safety-Critical Aircraft Systems Operating under Off-Nominal, Contingency, and Emergency Conditions", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20205009041", "topic": "analogs-verification", "year": 2020, "publishedAt": "2020-11-24T05:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Christine M Belcastro", "Natasha A. Neogi" ], "publisher": "Langley Research Center", "resourceType": "Presentation", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Verification and validation (V&V) of safety-critical technologies developed for loss of control (LOC) prevention and recovery and other aviation safety concerns pose significant challenges. Aircraft LOC can result from a wide spectrum of hazards, often occurring in combination, which cannot be fully replicated during evaluation. Technologies developed for LOC prevention and recovery must therefore be effective under a wide variety of hazardous and uncertain conditions, and the verification and validation of these technologies must provide some measure of assurance that the new vehicle safety technologies do no harm (i.e., that they themselves do not introduce new safety risks). V&V technologies must also enable the identification of system limitations and constraints, as well as enable the identification of safe and unsafe operating conditions (and their boundaries). Additionally, the V&V of complex, increasingly autonomous systems is a fundamental concern. Scalable, reproducible and cost-effective techniques for the assurance of safety critical systems during their design and operation is a key barrier to fielding new systems or updating current systems. Moreover, these techniques need to provide artifacts that enable a comprehensive evidence-based approach to certification. This briefing summarizes research performed under NASA’s Aviation Safety Program and follow-on research for the V&V of safety-critical aircraft system technologies developed for LOC prevention and recovery and increasingly autonomous systems, and for a broad assurance capability in both current and emerging aviation applications.\n\nNote that, in this briefing, the term “validation” refers to a confirmation that the system implementation (e.g., algorithms etc.) is performing the intended function(s), as well as an affirmation of effectiveness in these functions. “Verification” refers to a confirmation that the system implementation in the software and hardware meets its (hopefully validated) specifications (e.g., correctly executes algorithms as designed).\n", "keywords": [ "Validation", "Verification", "Certification", "V&V of Safety-Critical Systems", "V&V of Resilient Systems", "V&V of Autonomous Systems" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Verification and Validation of Safety-Critical Aircraft Systems Operating under Off-Nominal, Contingency, and Emergency Conditions” covers Validation, Verification, Certification, V&V of Safety-Critical Systems; it materially informs GShips work on verification and validation.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "verification-and-validation", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this presentation was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20210003831", "title": "On-Board Planning for New Millenium Deep Space One Autonomy", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20210003831", "recordFingerprint": "968e9320cdcebca330b478ff05c4ce68a25437ae713850cd21fcc159fe062f2c", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20210003831", "title": "On-Board Planning for New Millenium Deep Space One Autonomy", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210003831", "topic": "mission-architecture", "year": 1997, "publishedAt": "1997-02-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Yan, D.", "Rabideau, G.", "Chien, S.", "Smith, B.", "Rajan, K.", "Fry, C.", "Muscuttola, N." ], "publisher": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "resourceType": "Other", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "The Deep Space One (DS1) mission, scheduled to fly in 1998, will be the first NASA spacecraft to feature an on-board planner. The planner is part of an artificial intelligence based control architecture that comprises the planner/scheduler, a plan execution engine, and a model-based fault diagnosis and reconfiguration engine...This paper describes the on-board planning and scheduling component of the DS1 autonomy architecture.", "keywords": [ "Deep", "Space", "One", "DS1", "on-board", "planner", "artificial", "intelligence", "control", "architecture", "New", "Millenium", "Program", "NMP", "virtual", "presence", "faster", "better", "cheaper", "spacecraft", "autonomy" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for the Deep Space One onboard planner, scheduler, execution engine, and model-based fault diagnosis and reconfiguration architecture.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "autonomous operations", "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and an abstract are open here; flight performance, failure coverage, and transfer to safety-critical habitat autonomy were not reviewed. It is precursor context, not claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20210010644", "title": "Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) Systems ", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20210010644", "recordFingerprint": "e0ab5105320868bc1c3aaa2876ab60729936ddfe887e43e9f7e2a66c1e05b453", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20210010644", "title": "Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) Systems ", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210010644", "topic": "life-support", "year": 2021, "publishedAt": "2021-03-01T06:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "L. Vega" ], "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "resourceType": "Book Chapter", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Environmental control and life support (ECLS)systems provide the conditions necessary to maintain astronaut's health during a mission. They have been a part of every human-rated vehicle from Mercury onward, from carbon dioxide scrubbers and drink bags, to sophisticated air and water recovery technologies. In order to enable human exploration beyond low Earth orbit for an extended time, such as a mission to Mars, closed-loop life support, the continuous use, reuse, and recycling of air, water, and waste will be necessary. This chapter provides a brief history of air revitalization, wastewater, and solid waste recovery systems from the early spaceflight era to the present, potential technologies in development to facilitate further loop closure, and considerations for future life support system development in support of exploration", "keywords": [ "Life support", "Air revitalization", "Water recovery", "Solid waste", "Loop closure", "Spacecraft" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2021 book chapter from Springer International Publishing specifically covers “Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) Systems”; its abstract describes Environmental control and life support (ECLS)systems provide the conditions necessary to maintain astronaut's health during a mission. 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