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        "scopeTrigger": "Apply dual-use review before accepting or materially advancing customer, funder, collaborator, operational, procurement, or publication-sensitive work whose capability, data, end use, or transfer could reasonably enable a prohibited use. Public non-actionable education still follows prohibited-content and sensitive-publication controls.",
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        ],
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        "changeControl": "Material changes require a dated public rationale, independent review, and may not be approved by the founder alone.",
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        "required": true
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      "title": "NASA Human Rating Guidance",
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    {
      "recordType": "atlas-resource",
      "recordId": "ntrs-19720009953",
      "title": "Space nuclear power systems",
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      "snapshot": {
        "id": "ntrs-19720009953",
        "title": "Space nuclear power systems",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19720009953",
        "topic": "power-thermal",
        "year": 1972,
        "publishedAt": "1972-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Carpenter, R. T."
        ],
        "publisher": "Legacy CDMS",
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        "abstract": "Space nuclear power systems are considered for use in those particular spacecraft applications for which nuclear power systems offer unique advantages over solar and/or chemical space power systems. Both isotopic and reactor heated space electrical power units are described in an attempt to illustrate their operating characteristics, spacecraft integration aspects, and factory-to-end of mission operational considerations. The status of technology developments in nuclear power systems is presented. Some projections of those technologies are made to form a basis for the applications of space nuclear power systems to be expected over the next 10-15 years.",
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        "selectionNote": "Curated as a historical overview of isotope and reactor electrical-power systems, spacecraft integration, technology status, and factory-to-end-of-mission lifecycle considerations.",
        "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25",
        "curationTopic": "space nuclear power",
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      }
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    {
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      "recordId": "ntrs-19900000834",
      "title": "History and status of beamed power technology and applications at 2.45 Gigahertz",
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        "id": "ntrs-19900000834",
        "title": "History and status of beamed power technology and applications at 2.45 Gigahertz",
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        "topic": "propulsion",
        "year": 1989,
        "publishedAt": "1989-07-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
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        "abstract": "Various applications of beamed power technology are discussed. An experimental microwave powered helicopter, rectenna technology, the use of the Solar Power Satellite to beam energy to Earth via microwaves, the use of cyclotron resonance devices, microwave powered airships, and electric propulsion are discussed.",
        "keywords": [],
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        "selectionNote": "Curated as Earthside and orbital precursor history for 2.45 GHz microwave power transmission, rectennas, powered aircraft, solar-power satellites, and electric propulsion.",
        "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25",
        "curationTopic": "beamed-power precursors",
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      "recordId": "ntrs-19920012029",
      "title": "Closed-loop Habitation Air Revitalization Model for Regenerative Life Support Systems",
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        "id": "ntrs-19920012029",
        "title": "Closed-loop Habitation Air Revitalization Model for Regenerative Life Support Systems",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19920012029",
        "topic": "life-support",
        "year": 1991,
        "publishedAt": "1991-12-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Hart, Maxwell M."
        ],
        "publisher": "Legacy CDMS",
        "resourceType": "Conference Paper",
        "access": "open full text",
        "abstract": "The primary function of any life support system is to keep the crew alive by providing breathable air, potable water, edible food, and for disposal of waste. In a well-balanced or regenerative life support system, the various components are each using what is available and producing what is needed by other components so that there will always be enough chemicals in the form in which they are needed. Humans are not just users, but also one of the participating parts of the system. If a system could continuously recycle the original chemicals, this would make it virtually a Closed-loop Habitation (CH). Some difficulties in trying to create a miniature version of a CH are briefly discussed. In a miniature CH, a minimal structure must be provided and the difference must be made up by artificial parts such as physicochemical systems that perform the conversions that the Earth can achieve naturally. To study the interactions of these parts, a computer model was designed that simulates a miniature CH with emphasis on the air revitalization part. It is called the Closed-loop Habitation Air Revitalization Model (CHARM).",
        "keywords": [],
        "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context",
        "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1991 conference paper from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “Closed-loop Habitation Air Revitalization Model for Regenerative Life Support Systems”; its abstract describes The primary function of any life support system is to keep the crew alive by providing breathable air, potable water, edible food, and for disposal of waste. In a… This materially informs GShips regenerative life support.",
        "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25",
        "curationTopic": "regenerative life support",
        "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim."
      }
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    {
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      "recordId": "ntrs-19980000721",
      "title": "Heatpipe power system and heatpipe bimodal system design and development options",
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      "snapshot": {
        "id": "ntrs-19980000721",
        "title": "Heatpipe power system and heatpipe bimodal system design and development options",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19980000721",
        "topic": "power-thermal",
        "year": 1997,
        "publishedAt": "1997-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Houts, M. G.",
          "Poston, D. I.",
          "Emrich, W. J., Jr."
        ],
        "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center",
        "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)",
        "access": "open metadata",
        "abstract": "The Heatpipe Power System (HPS) is a potential, near-term, low-cost space fission power system. The Heatpipe Bimodal System (HBS) is a potential, near-term, low-cost space fission power and/or propulsion system. Both systems will be composed of independent modules, and all components operate within the existing databases. The HPS and HBS have relatively few system integration issues; thus, the successful development of a module is a significant step toward verifying system feasibility and performance estimates. A prototypic HPS module is being fabricated, and testing is scheduled to begin in November 1996. A successful test will provide high confidence that the HPS can achieve its predicted performance.",
        "keywords": [
          "Space Propulsion Reactors",
          "Space Power Reactors",
          "Design"
        ],
        "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context",
        "selectionNote": "Curated for modular heatpipe fission power and bimodal power-propulsion concepts, with explicit reliance on independent modules and component databases as a verification strategy.",
        "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25",
        "curationTopic": "space nuclear power",
        "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and an abstract are open here; scheduled prototype work, integration claims, nuclear safety, and later outcomes were not checked. It is historical civil concept context, not evidence of readiness."
      }
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20030057823",
      "title": "On-Orbit Assembly Task Definition Study",
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        "id": "ntrs-20030057823",
        "title": "On-Orbit Assembly Task Definition Study",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20030057823",
        "topic": "assembly-logistics",
        "year": 1990,
        "publishedAt": "1990-05-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Vargo, Rick"
        ],
        "publisher": "Johnson Space Center",
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        "access": "open full text",
        "abstract": "McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company at Kennedy Space Center (MDSSC-KSC) has been tasked since November 1987 to provide support to the Space Station Evolution Working Group (EWG) based at NASA's Langley Research Center (LaRC). Work in the first year of this study included extensive data gathering and the development of study methodologies. The OEXP case studies as summarized in NASA Technical Memorandum 4075, Exploration Studies Technical Report FY 1988 Status, and NASA Document Z-2.1-002, Study Requirements Document FY 1989 Studies (SRD), define the mission scenarios and technical requirements which MSFC engineers and their contractors (Martin Marietta and Boeing) utilized in their design of exploration vehicles. LaRC selected case studies and vehicle designs upon which the study team performed processing analyses. An on-orbit SSF refurbishment crew of four dedicated to OEXP vehicle processing was baselined for all studies. In some Instances, LaRC modified the vehicle designs, launch manifests, or mission scenarios provided by MSFC to obtain specific data from the processing analyses. The results from the following case studies analyzed during 1989 are provided in this report: Phobos Gateway On-Orbit Assembly and Launch, Lunar Evolution Vehicle On-Orbit Refurbishment, and Mars Mission Vehicle On-Orbit Assembly and Launch. In addition, a concept for facility accommodations at Space Station Freedom (SSF) was developed and support equipment to be provided at the facility was defined. In support of the MSFC Launch/On-Orbit Processing (LOOP) study, LaRC asked us to assess ground and on-orbit processing Impacts resulting from launching the OEXP vehicles on several different ETO launch vehicles. Results developed by this study, Including processing tasks and times, and personnel and equipment requirements, will be entered Into the VPOD data base. VPOD will be used by LaRC to analyze future OEXP vehicles configurations, SSF facility and resource Impacts, and life cycle cost predictions.",
        "keywords": [],
        "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context",
        "selectionNote": "Curated because “On-Orbit Assembly Task Definition Study” covers McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company at Kennedy Space Center (MDSSC-KSC) has been tasked since November 1987 to provide; it materially informs GShips work on on orbit assembly.",
        "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25",
        "curationTopic": "on-orbit-assembly",
        "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this conference paper was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence."
      }
    },
    {
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20040089479",
      "title": "Plant reproduction in spaceflight environments",
      "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20040089479",
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      "snapshot": {
        "id": "ntrs-20040089479",
        "title": "Plant reproduction in spaceflight environments",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20040089479",
        "topic": "reproduction-genetics",
        "year": 1997,
        "publishedAt": "1997-06-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Musgrave, M. E.",
          "Kuang, A.",
          "Porterfield, D. M."
        ],
        "publisher": "Kennedy Space Center",
        "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)",
        "access": "open metadata",
        "abstract": "Because plant reproduction is a complex developmental process there are many possible sites of perturbation by the unusual environments of orbital spacecraft. Previous long-duration experiments on Soviet platforms shared features of slowed development through the vegetative stage of plant growth and aborted reproductive function. Our goal has been to understand how special features of the spaceflight environment impact physiological function and reproductive development. In a series of short-duration experiments in the Shuttle mid-deck we studied early reproductive development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Pollen and ovule development aborted at an early stage in the first experiment on STS-54 which utilized closed plant growth chambers. Post-flight analysis suggested that the plants may have been carbon dioxide limited. Subsequent experiments utilized carbon dioxide enrichment (on STS-51) and cabin air flow-through with an air exchange system (on STS-68). Both modifications allowed pollen and ovule development to occur normally on orbit, and full reproductive development up to the stage of an immature seed occurred on STS-68. However, analysis of plant roots from these experiments demonstrated a limitation in rootzone aeration in the spaceflight material that was not mitigated by these procedures. In the future, additional resources (crew time, upgraded flight hardware, and special platforms) will invite more elaborate, long-duration experimentation. On the ISS, a variable speed centrifuge and upgraded plant habitats will permit detailed experiments on the role of gravity in shaping the plant micro-environment, and what influence this plays during reproduction.",
        "keywords": [
          "Review, Tutorial",
          "Salyut Project",
          "Review",
          "Mir Project",
          "manned",
          "Non-NASA Center",
          "short duration",
          "long duration",
          "STS Shuttle Project",
          "Flight Experiment",
          "NASA Discipline Plant Biology",
          "Weightlessness",
          "Arabidopsis/embryology/growth & development/metabolism",
          "Plants/embryology/growth & development/metabolism",
          "Space Flight",
          "Support, Non-U.S. Gov't",
          "Ecological Systems, Closed",
          "Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S",
          "Oxygen/metabolism",
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          "Reproduction",
          "Carbon Dioxide/metabolism"
        ],
        "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context",
        "selectionNote": "Curated for a review of plant reproductive processes affected by spaceflight, including flowering, pollination, seed formation, and the design of lifecycle experiments.",
        "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25",
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        "evidenceBoundary": "The source is an older synthesis and curation did not validate each reported effect or its relevance to modern controlled environments. It is plant-biology context, not proof of multigenerational crop reliability."
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20110008769",
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        "id": "ntrs-20110008769",
        "title": "HDU Deep Space Habitat (DSH) Overview",
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        "topic": "analogs-verification",
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        "publishedAt": "2011-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
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        "abstract": "This paper gives an overview of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) led multi-center Habitat Demonstration Unit (HDU) project Deep Space Habitat (DSH) analog that will be field-tested during the 2011 Desert Research and Technologies Studies (D-RATS) field tests. The HDU project is a technology pull project that integrates technologies and innovations from multiple NASA centers. This project will repurpose the HDU Pressurized Excursion Module (PEM) that was field tested in the 2010 D-RATS, adding habitation functionality to the prototype unit. The 2010 configuration of the HDU-PEM consisted of a lunar surface laboratory module that was used to bring over 20 habitation-related technologies together in a single platform that could be tested as an advanced habitation analog in the context of mission architectures and surface operations. The 2011 HDU-DSH configuration will build upon the PEM work, and emphasize validity of crew operations (habitation and living, etc), EVA operations, mission operations, logistics operations, and science operations that might be required in a deep space context for Near Earth Object (NEO) exploration mission architectures. The HDU project consists of a multi-center team brought together in a skunkworks approach to quickly build and validate hardware in analog environments. The HDU project is part of the strategic plan from the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) Directorate Integration Office (DIO) and the Exploration Mission Systems Office (EMSO) to test destination elements in analog environments. The 2011 analog field test will include Multi Mission Space Exploration Vehicles (MMSEV) and the DSH among other demonstration elements to be brought together in a mission architecture context. This paper will describe overall objectives, various habitat configurations, strategic plan, and technology integration as it pertains to the 2011 field tests.",
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        "authors": [
          "Fontanot, Carlos",
          "Lopez, Erik",
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        "abstract": "As human space exploration pursues journeying to the Moon and Mars, international and intercultural collaboration is key for the success of such ambitious goals. Since 2014, NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC) Hispanic Employee Resource Group (HERG) has established relationships and participated in outreach events with emerging space organizations in Latin America with educational and public outreach as a common goal. Such efforts align with strategic goals to empower the next generation of innovators and explorers and to champion the development of space exploration capabilities. This paper discusses the partnerships developed to introduce Spanish speaking populations to science, space technology, aeronautics, research and development through television, webcasts and social media. The authors share accomplishments, challenges, and lessons learned to build foundations for international collaboration to ignite research and innovation and propel human space exploration. The methodology makes use of Space Act Agreements to leverage existing outreach materials and programs and translate the content into Spanish for the benefit of students, educational organizations and the public in general. The plan is to apply the same model in other regions and countries to create a Latin American network of language translation and diffusion of science and space technology content targeting emerging space sectors. This model could be used to reach out to other international communities to provide cultural and educational outreach for space exploration and research.\n\n\n\n",
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        "abstract": "<p style=\"text-indent: 25px;\">In the Summer of 2013, the University of Maryland was selected for two projects under the NASA X-Hab 2014 program, administered by the National Space Grant Foundation: Vertical Habitability Layout Studies (XHab201406) and Neutral Buoyancy/Parabolic Flight Habitat Studies (XHab201407). This document, at the direction of the NASA Technical Monitor, comprises the final report for both of these contracts. \n<p style=\"text-indent: 25px;\">Recognizing from the outset the mismatch between the desired scope of research activities under the contracts and the severely limited funding and duration, the University of Maryland leveraged the X-Hab support by integrating the programs into a number of academic classes throughout the 2013-2014 academic year. By far the most significant interaction was with the Department of Aerospace Engineering Senior capstone experience in spacecraft design sequence, ENAE 483/484. Throughout the academic year, 42 students in this sequence worked on both projects in conjunction with their senior project to design an artificial gravity research station in a distant lunar retrograde orbit. As part of this research project, the students worked with previously created 1-G habitats and underwater simulations to better understand habitat design from microgravity to full Earth gravity, as well as at lunar and Mars gravity levels between those two endpoints.",
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        "title": "NASA Technology Maturation Plan for In-space Manufacturing of Metals",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230012701",
        "topic": "manufacturing-isru",
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        "authors": [
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        "abstract": "As the International Space Station’s (ISS) life approaches its end, NASA intends to travel back to the Moon and establish a sustainable presence, paving a pathway towards Mars. A fundamental shift in the current logistics strategy is required to support extended missions. On-demand manufacturing enables reduced operational cost and increased long term sustainability providing a pathway towards reducing NASA’s logistics burden. The In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) portfolio at Marshall Space Flight Center is developing additive polymers, metals, and electronics manufacturing technologies to enable a sustainable presence on the Moon and enable long-duration transit missions. Manufacturing systems for in-space applications must meet a unique set of constraints requiring a maturation path independent from processes targeted for terrestrial use. In May 2023, the On Demand Manufacturing of Metals (ODMM) project, part of the ISM portfolio funded through the Game Changing Development (GCD) program office, was canceled; however, prior to cancelation, the engineering team developed a technology maturation plan for in-space manufacturing of metallic components. The status of ODMM at closeout and an overview of the technology maturation plan for ODMM are discussed. ",
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        "title": "Analog Simulation Training and Research Outpost Utilizing Self-Sustaining Architecture: A Testbed for Moon and Mars Technology at Purdue University",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20260006051",
        "topic": "analogs-verification",
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        "authors": [
          "John M Peters",
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        "abstract": "The Analog Simulation Training and Research Outpost Utilizing Self-sustaining Architecture (ASTRO-USA) is a Purdue University project developed in collaboration with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and the University of Arizona to create a high-fidelity, modular analog habitat for Moon and Mars missions. Current analog facilities lack fully closed-loop life support systems and often separate waste, water, food, and power subsystems. ASTRO-USA addresses this gap by integrating these elements into a single, self-sustaining testbed for Artemis-class technologies. In the near term, a secondary Mini-Hab will demonstrate closure of the waste and nutrient loops while enabling food production and human factors research. The long-term objective is a primary habitat with closed-loop waste, water, and air systems, full environmental control, and modular construction compatible with lunar or Martian deployment. This facility will incorporate bioreactors, reverse osmosis, hydroponics, and Mycoponics™ to convert human waste and graywater into potable water, fertilizer, biogas, pharmaceuticals, and 3D-printing filament, powered by a mix of solar and biogas generation. Habitat systems will be monitored and managed by SIMOC (Scalable Interactive Model of an Off-world Community) Live and an Opto 22 control system for real-time data acquisition, automation, and fault response. Human factors design will enable precise control of lighting, atmosphere, noise, and layout to simulate circadian cycles, mission timelines, and contingency scenarios in a windowless environment. Structural materials and construction approaches will be selected to remain realistic to off-world designs. By testing and validating integrated bioregenerative life support and control technologies at a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6 while tightly controlling environmental parameters for human factors studies on Earth, ASTRO-USA will provide a functional platform for sustainable human habitation research and technology maturation in direct support of NASA’s Artemis program and future planetary exploration missions.",
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