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        "abstract": "NASA is considering a mission to explore near-interstellar space early in the next decade as the first step toward a vigorous interstellar exploration program. A key enabling technology for such an ambitious science and exploration effort is the development of propulsion systems capable of providing fast trip times. Advanced propulsion technologies that might support an interstellar precursor mission early in the next century include some combination of solar sails, nuclear electric propulsion systems, and aerogravity assists. For years, the scientific community has been interested in the development of solar sail technology to support exploration of the inner and outer planets. Progress in thin-film technology and the development of technologies that may enable the remote assembly of lar2e sails in space are only now maturing to the point where ambitious interstellar precursor missions can be considered. Electric propulsion is now being demonstrated for planetary exploration by the Deep Space I mission. The primary issues for it's adaptation to interstellar precursor applications include the nuclear reactor that would be required and the engine lifetime. A propulsion system concept for the proposed Interstellar Probe mission will be described for each.",
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        "abstract": "This paper presents the Marshall Space Flight Center's (MSFC's) vision to manufacture, increase safety and reduce the cost of launch vehicles. Nondestructive evaluations of large composite structures are tested for space transportation at MSFC. The topics include: 1) 6 1/2 Generations of Airplanes in a Century; 2) Shuttle Safety Upgrades; 3) Generations of Reusable Launch Vehicles; 4) RLV Technology Demonstration Path; 5) Second Generation; 6) Key NASA Requirements; 7) X-33 Elements; 8) Future-X Pathfinder Projects and Experiments; 9) Focus Area Technical Goals; 10) X-34 Expanded View; 11) X-38 Spacecraft with De-Orbit Propulsion Stage (DPS); 12) Deorbit Module (DM) Critical Design Review (CDR) Design; 13) Forward Structural Adapter (FSA) CDR Design; 14) X-38 DPS CDR Design; 15) RLV Focused Propulsion Technologies; and 16) Challenges in Technology. This paper is presented in viewgraph form.",
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        "authors": [
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        "abstract": "During the Apollo program, the scientific community and NASA used terrestrial analog sites for understanding planetary features and for training astronauts to be scientists. Human factors studies (Harrison, Clearwater, & McKay 1991; Stuster 1996) have focused on the effects of isolation in extreme environments. More recently, with the advent of wireless computing, we have prototyped advanced EVA technologies for navigation, scheduling, and science data logging (Clancey 2002b; Clancey et al., in press). Combining these interests in a single expedition enables tremendous synergy and authenticity, as pioneered by Pascal Lee's Haughton-Mars Project (Lee 2001; Clancey 2000a) and the Mars Society s research stations on a crater rim on Devon Island in the High Canadian Arctic (Clancey 2000b; 2001b) and the Morrison Formation of southeast Utah (Clancey 2002a). Based on this experience, the following principles are proposed for conducting an integrated science, operations, and technology research program at analog sites: 1) Authentic work; 2) PI-based projects; 3) Unencumbered baseline studies; 4) Closed simulations; and 5) Observation and documentation. Following these principles, we have been integrating field science, operations research, and technology development at analog sites on Devon Island and in Utah over the past five years. Analytic methods include work practice simulation (Clancey 2002c; Sierhuis et a]., 2000a;b), by which the interaction of human behavior, facilities, geography, tools, and procedures are formalized in computer models. These models are then converted into the runtime EVA system we call mobile agents (Clancey 2002b; Clancey et al., in press). Furthermore, we have found that the Apollo Lunar Surface Journal (Jones, 1999) provides a vast repository or understanding astronaut and CapCom interactions, serving as a baseline for Mars operations and quickly highlighting opportunities for computer automation (Clancey, in press).",
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      "title": "Promoting Lifelong Ocean Education: Shaping Tomorrow's Earth Stewards and the Science and Technology Workforce",
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        "title": "Promoting Lifelong Ocean Education: Shaping Tomorrow's Earth Stewards and the Science and Technology Workforce",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20070018852",
        "topic": "institutions-workforce",
        "year": 2006,
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        "authors": [
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        "abstract": "The coming ocean observing systems provide an unprecedented opportunity to change both the public perception of our oceans, and to inspire, captivate and motivate our children, our young adults and even our fellow adults to pursue careers allied with the oceans and to become stewards of our Planet's last unexplored environment. Education plans for the operational component, the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), and for the research component, Ocean Research Interactive Observatory Networks (ORION), are designed to take advantage of this opportunity. In both cases, community recommendations were developed within the context of the following assumptions: 1. Utilize research on how people learn, especially the four-pronged model of simultaneous learner-centered, knowledge-center, assessment-centered and community-centered learning 2. Strive for maximum impact on national needs in science and technology learning 3. Build on the best of what is already in place 4. Pay special attention to quality, sustainability, and scalability of efforts 5. Use partnerships across federal, state and local government, academia, and industry. Community recommendations for 100s and ORION education have much in common and offer the opportunity to create a coherent education effort allied with ocean observing systems. Both efforts focus on developing the science and technology workforce of the future, and the science and technology literacy of the public within the context of the Earth system and the role of the oceans and Great Lakes in that system. Both also recognize that an organized education infrastructure that supports sustainability and scalability of education efforts is required if ocean observing education efforts are to achieve a small but measurable improvement in either of these areas. Efforts have begun to develop the education infrastructure by beginning to form a community of educators from existing ocean and aquatic education networks and by exploring needs and issues associated with using ocean observing information assets in education. Likewise efforts are underway to address workforce issues by a systematic analysis of current and future workforce and educational needs. These activities will be described as will upcoming opportunities for the community to participate in these efforts.",
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        "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2006 abstract from Goddard Space Flight Center specifically covers “Promoting Lifelong Ocean Education: Shaping Tomorrow's Earth Stewards and the Science and Technology Workforce”; its abstract describes The coming ocean observing systems provide an unprecedented opportunity to change both the public perception of our oceans, and to inspire, captivate and motivate our… This materially informs GShips institutions and workforce.",
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      "title": "Future Mission Trends and their Implications for the Deep Space Network",
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        "id": "ntrs-20070034204",
        "title": "Future Mission Trends and their Implications for the Deep Space Network",
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        "topic": "mission-architecture",
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        "publishedAt": "2006-09-19T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
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        "abstract": "This viewgraph presentation discusses the direction of future missions and it's significance to the Deep Space Network. The topics include: 1) The Deep Space Network (DSN); 2) Past Missions Driving DSN Evolution; 3) The Changing Mission Paradigm; 4) Assessing Future Mission Needs; 5) Link Support Trends; 6) Downlink Rate Trends; 7) Uplink Rate Trends; 8) End-to-End Link Difficulty Trends; 9) Summary: Future Mission Trend Drivers; and 10) Conclusion: Implications for the DSN.",
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        "title": "Assessment of the NASA Astrobiology Institute",
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        "topic": "destinations-astrobiology",
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        "abstract": "Astrobiology is a scientific discipline devoted to the study of life in the universe--its origins, evolution, distribution, and future. It brings together the physical and biological sciences to address some of the most fundamental questions of the natural world: How do living systems emerge? How do habitable worlds form and how do they evolve? Does life exist on worlds other than Earth? As an endeavor of tremendous breadth and depth, astrobiology requires interdisciplinary investigation in order to be fully appreciated and examined. As part of a concerted effort to undertake such a challenge, the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI) was established in 1998 as an innovative way to develop the field of astrobiology and provide a scientific framework for flight missions. Now that the NAI has been in existence for almost a decade, the time is ripe to assess its achievements. At the request of NASA's Associate Administrator for the Science Mission Directorate (SMD), the Committee on the Review of the NASA Astrobiology Institute undertook the assignment to determine the progress made by the NAI in developing the field of astrobiology. It must be emphasized that the purpose of this study was not to undertake a review of the scientific accomplishments of NASA's Astrobiology program, in general, or of the NAI, in particular. Rather, the objective of the study is to evaluate the success of the NAI in achieving its stated goals of: 1. Conducting, supporting, and catalyzing collaborative interdisciplinary research; 2. Training the next generation of astrobiology researchers; 3. Providing scientific and technical leadership on astrobiology investigations for current and future space missions; 4. Exploring new approaches, using modern information technology, to conduct interdisciplinary and collaborative research among widely distributed investigators; and 5. Supporting outreach by providing scientific content for use in K-12 education programs, teaching undergraduate classes, and communicating directly with the public. The committee s assessment of the NAI's progress in these five areas is presented in Chapters 2 to 6, respectively.",
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        "topic": "structures-shielding",
        "year": 2007,
        "publishedAt": "2007-05-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
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        "abstract": "It has been proposed to fabricate polymer/ soil composites primarily from extraterrestrial resources, using relatively low-energy processes, with the original intended application being that habitat structures constructed from such composites would have sufficient structural integrity and also provide adequate radiation shielding for humans and sensitive electronic equipment against the radiation environment on the Moon and Mars. The proposal is a response to the fact that it would be much less expensive to fabricate such structures in situ as opposed to transporting them from Earth.",
        "keywords": [],
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        "selectionNote": "Curated for polymer-and-soil composite concepts combining structural or construction roles with radiation shielding and possible in-situ material use.",
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20160011567",
      "title": "Autonomous Operations Mission Development Suite",
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        "title": "Autonomous Operations Mission Development Suite",
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        "publishedAt": "2016-09-27T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
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        "abstract": "This is a presentation related to the development of Autonomous Operations Systems at NASA Kennedy Space Center. It covers a high level description of the work of FY14, FY15, FY16 for the AES IGODU and APL projects.",
        "keywords": [
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          "Autonomous Software"
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20170011131",
      "title": "Enabling Autonomous Space Mission Operations with Artificial Intelligence",
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        "id": "ntrs-20170011131",
        "title": "Enabling Autonomous Space Mission Operations with Artificial Intelligence",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20170011131",
        "topic": "ai-autonomy",
        "year": 2017,
        "publishedAt": "2017-08-15T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Frank, Jeremy "
        ],
        "publisher": "Ames Research Center",
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        "abstract": "For over 50 years, NASA's crewed missions have been confined to the Earth-Moon system, where speed-of-light communications delays between crew and ground are practically nonexistent. This ground-centered mode of operations, with a large, ground-based support team, is not sustainable for NASAs future human exploration missions to Mars. Future astronauts will need smarter tools employing Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques make decisions without inefficient communication back and forth with ground-based mission control. In this talk we will describe several demonstrations of astronaut decision support tools using AI techniques as a foundation. These demonstrations show that astronauts tasks ranging from living and working to piloting can benefit from AI technology development.",
        "keywords": [],
        "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context",
        "selectionNote": "Curated because it frames onboard AI and autonomy as responses to deep-space latency and reduced ground support, a central long-duration operations constraint.",
        "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25",
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      "title": "Adaptation of Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes for the International Space Station",
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        "id": "ntrs-20205009571",
        "title": "Adaptation of Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes for the International Space Station",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20205009571",
        "topic": "manufacturing-isru",
        "year": 2021,
        "publishedAt": "2021-11-30T06:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "T. Prater",
          "P. Hall",
          "L. Huebner",
          "K. Wheeler",
          "V. Hafiychuk",
          "D. Luchinsky",
          "F. Ledbetter",
          "C. Roberts"
        ],
        "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center",
        "resourceType": "Presentation",
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        "abstract": "The In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) project at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, in a partnership with the company, Made in Space, has previously investigated 3D printing of polymer materials on-orbit.  In recent years, the project has begun exploring the potential for metal additive manufacturing (AM) on future space missions to reduce logistics and enable point-of-use manufacturing for sparing and repair.  This presentation will provide an overview of constraints for demonstrating a manufacturing process on the International Space Station (ISS) as well as trades of available metal AM processes and their potential for in-space use.  There are currently two processes in development as payloads for an ISS technology demonstration: wire+arc additive manufacturing (the Vulcan payload from Made in Space, Inc.) and bound metal deposition (the Fabrication Laboratory from Techshot, Inc).  An update on both of these systems, results to date, and future development efforts will be presented.  Relevant modeling work to evaluate operation of certain aspects of the processes in a microgravity environment will also be summarized.",
        "keywords": [
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        "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2021 presentation from Marshall Space Flight Center specifically covers “Adaptation of Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes for the International Space Station”; its abstract describes The In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) project at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, in a partnership with the company, Made in Space, has previously investigated 3D printing of… This materially informs GShips manufacturing and ISRU.",
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20205010306",
      "title": "Lunar Navigation Performance Using the Deep Space Network and Alternate Solutions to Support Precision Landing",
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        "title": "Lunar Navigation Performance Using the Deep Space Network and Alternate Solutions to Support Precision Landing",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20205010306",
        "topic": "communications-navigation",
        "year": 2021,
        "publishedAt": "2021-01-28T06:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Bradley C. Collicott",
          "David C. Woffinden"
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        "publisher": "Johnson Space Center",
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        "access": "open full text",
        "abstract": "As human exploration once again targets the surface of the Moon, questions continue to emerge regarding the necessity of Earth-based tracking systems, such as the Deep Space Network, for spacecraft navigation in support of lunar descent and landing. This paper will derive an extensive Deep Space Network sensor model for use in linear covariance analysis and demonstrate the resulting trajectory dispersions and navigation performance in comparison with alternate solutions, such as terrain relative navigation.  An in-depth trade study with considerations for various trajectory profiles, time allocated to ground tracking, number of active ground stations, and interaction with other sensors will be conducted to shed significant insight into sensor suite requirements to ensure safe and precise landing on the Moon.",
        "keywords": [
          "Navigation",
          "LInear Covariance Analysis",
          "Deep Space Network",
          "Descent and Landing"
        ],
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        "selectionNote": "Curated because “Lunar Navigation Performance Using the Deep Space Network and Alternate Solutions to Support Precision Landing” covers Navigation, LInear Covariance Analysis, Deep Space Network, Descent and Landing; it materially informs GShips work on autonomous deep space navigation.",
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    {
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20210001402",
      "title": "Autonomous landmark based spacecraft navigation system",
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      "snapshot": {
        "id": "ntrs-20210001402",
        "title": "Autonomous landmark based spacecraft navigation system",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210001402",
        "topic": "ai-autonomy",
        "year": 2003,
        "publishedAt": "2003-02-09T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Miller,  J. K.",
          "Cheng, Y."
        ],
        "publisher": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory",
        "resourceType": "Other",
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        "abstract": "An autonomous landmark based spacecraft navigation scheme is presented.  This new schme involves the following data processing steps: image selection and planning; landmark detection; preliminary image matching; crater matching; database management; and finally landmark based orbit determination.",
        "keywords": [
          "autonomous",
          "landmark",
          "spacecraft",
          "navigation"
        ],
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        "selectionNote": "Curated because “Autonomous landmark based spacecraft navigation system” covers autonomous, landmark, spacecraft, navigation; it materially informs GShips work on autonomous navigation.",
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    {
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20220004582",
      "title": "Configuration and Projected Capabilities of the Common Habitat Medical Care Facility",
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      "snapshot": {
        "id": "ntrs-20220004582",
        "title": "Configuration and Projected Capabilities of the Common Habitat Medical Care Facility",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220004582",
        "topic": "structures-shielding",
        "year": 2022,
        "publishedAt": "2022-10-24T05:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Robert L Howard, Jr.",
          "Brady T Campbell"
        ],
        "publisher": "Johnson Space Center",
        "resourceType": "Conference Paper",
        "access": "open full text",
        "abstract": "The Common Habitat is a large, long-duration habitat being explored as part of a conceptual study (not an active NASA program) that uses an SLS core stage Liquid Oxygen (LOX) tank as its primary structure.  It is intended for use on the Moon as part of a permanently occupied outpost, on Mars as part of an outpost that will be occupied for hundreds of days at a time, and in deep space as part of the Deep Space Exploration Vehicle where it will support crewed missions up to 1200 days in duration.  A study of internal orientation and crew size resulted in a Common Habitat configuration sized for a crew of eight with a three-deck horizontal orientation.  Additional work outside the scope of this paper is developing a vertical translation system, a crew mobility aids system based on wearable gecko-derived grippers, and a crew seating/restraint system.  These systems are all assumed for use in conjunction with the Medical Care Facility, which is needed to maintain crew well-being during these missions, where distance from Earth precludes the possibility of evacuation to Earth.  This paper describes recent improvements in the Common Habitat Medical Care Facility and associated benefits for crew survivability in long duration missions beyond Earth orbit.  These improvements were made with the assistance of a NASA Pathways intern whose experience includes a tour of duty in Afghanistan as an Army combat medic with the 691st GHOST-T, attached to the 1st and 7th US Special Forces Groups as part of Operation Freedom’s Sentinel, where he helped provide far-forward surgical capabilities in austere combat environments.  The initial baseline Medical Care Facility was developed working in conjunction with University of Houston Space Architecture graduate students.  The facility was placed on the upper deck of the Common Habitat in a location that provided privacy, operational volume, and was close to the vertical translation pathway.  The notional outfitting repurposed component CAD models from unrelated studies and notionally indicated a level of care roughly equivalent to that aboard the International Space Station.  The CAD modeling provided notional stowage volumes, a deployable surface, some fixed equipment, an ultrasound, and a potentially reconfigurable treatment table.  While this facility is clearly a competent arrangement, it was desired to leverage available expertise and upgrade the station given the vast distances from Earth to be experienced by the Common Habitat.  Key driving requirements applied to the upgrade included to provide Medical Level of Care V, offer enhanced telemedicine capabilities, provide patient physical accommodation, provide caregiver access to the patient from all sides, include sliding pocket doors for access to hygiene and to the Vertical Translation System, and to add any additional capability possible for the best achievable medical care.  The first step in the facility upgrade was to quantify the current medical inventory on the International Space Station and ensure that sufficient stowage volume was present for this purpose.  To that end, the ISS medical kits were reviewed, and eight full size mid deck lockers were placed in the facility.  A number of additional devices were also added, based on the intern’s combat medic experience.  Also, two fixed shelves and one horizontal work surface were added to the Medical Care Facility, with the shelves providing storage space for the additional devices and the work surface providing a location for the caregiver to work or stage equipment.  Four display monitors were added to the wall above the horizontal work surface, supporting data display, telemedicine, conferencing, or other needs.  The existing treatment table was replaced with a mobile surgical stretcher-chair.  Two additional doors were added to the Medical Care Facility.  One leads directly to the hygiene compartment, allowing it to support medical operations in addition to providing galley/wardroom support.  The other door leads directly into the Vertical Translation System.  The wall adjacent to the subsystems bay was moved, adding additional volume to the Medical Care Facility.  This improved caregiver access to the patient and allowed for a larger number of caregivers to be present.  It also provided options for relocation of support equipment relative to the patient as needed.  In the upgraded Medical Care Facility, the Surgical Stretcher-Chair and the Vertical Translation System can work together to provide incapacitated crew member transport from a site of injury on any deck of the Common Habitat to the Medical Care Facility.  It can also support patient treatment in a variety of positions including a variety of sitting postures and a supine posture at a variety of pitch angles.  The facility can also support caregiver office work for review of examination results, private consultation, inventory and maintenance, and a variety of other purposes.  A forward activity will be to conduct evaluations of the Medical Care Facility with different medical scenarios.  Additionally, ambient and task lighting selections remain as forward work.  The eight mid deck lockers can be augmented to use as portable equipment carts, similar to a manner in which maintenance facility stowage was used as portable carts during the NASA Desert Research and Technology Studies in the Constellation Program.  Trash accommodation will also need forward work to assess, including provision for wet trash, dry trash, and biological waste.  It will be important to assess a redesign of the surgical stretcher-chair.  The commercial version used in the upgrade can only enable vertical translation in the seated configuration, requiring the patient to bend both hips and knees.  A possible redesign of the chair will allow for vertical translation without requiring any bending at the hip or knees.  Also, the commercial version is wheeled, making it mobile in gravity but unanchored in microgravity.  Work will be needed to adapt the chair for gravity-independent performance.  The hygiene compartment can be redesigned for dual-use medical scrub and galley handwash facility.  Pending sufficient volume, it may also be possible to place sanitation equipment in this location to clean medical tools.  Finally, most space architectures have never allowed for more than one incapacitated crew member, but several scenarios could potentially injure two or more crew in the same incident.  This facility could be assessed to determine its present ability to address two or more injured crew in parallel and determine the potential upper limit for number of treatable crew in a multi-crew injury scenario, or to treat polytrauma of a single patient.",
        "keywords": [
          "Habitat",
          "Space Architecture",
          "Space Medicine",
          "Common Habitat",
          "Moon",
          "Mars",
          "Deep Space",
          "Human Spaceflight",
          "Human Centered Design"
        ],
        "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context",
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