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Inclusion supplies context; it is not automatically evidence for a provisional claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19670000866", "title": "Nuclear power for space travel", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19670000866", "recordFingerprint": "6b052c07f2c4e420d1eb532f5b42188ddc8b83f09c1d50079c683dd945c6c06a", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19670000866", "title": "Nuclear power for space travel", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19670000866", "topic": "power-thermal", "year": 1964, "publishedAt": "1964-01-15T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Schultze, H." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Other", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Spacecraft propulsion, and nuclear-electric power supply for space travel", "keywords": [ "SPACECRAFT PROPULSION", "NUCLEAR-ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY", "POWER GENERATOR", "NASA PROGRAM" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated as an early NASA-program record connecting nuclear-electric power supply and spacecraft propulsion for long-range space travel.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "space nuclear power and propulsion", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but the 1964 program assumptions, calculations, safety framework, and technical conclusions were not validated. It is historical context, not evidence of present feasibility." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19670015767", "title": "DSN capabilities and facilities. The deep space network", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19670015767", "recordFingerprint": "fb7bb08c4d2f3a437d26525569520bfc2a27d5537d0f25c5e24946a21bbb5a1b", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19670015767", "title": "DSN capabilities and facilities. The deep space network", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19670015767", "topic": "communications-navigation", "year": 1967, "publishedAt": "1967-01-31T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Other", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Ground communication system, deep space network and facilities, instrumentation, and space flight operations and facility for NASA program", "keywords": [ "SPACE EXPLORATION", "DEEP SPACE", "COMMUNICATION SYSTEM" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “DSN capabilities and facilities. The deep space network” covers SPACE EXPLORATION, DEEP SPACE, COMMUNICATION SYSTEM; it materially informs GShips work on deep space communications.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "deep-space-communications", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this other was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20040089192", "title": "Ground-based simulations of cosmic ray heavy ion interactions in spacecraft and planetary habitat shielding materials", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20040089192", "recordFingerprint": "ae63b63e0a32a286559d870c50c49990b6c44a7b33381d39b0066acd0630fdfa", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20040089192", "title": "Ground-based simulations of cosmic ray heavy ion interactions in spacecraft and planetary habitat shielding materials", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20040089192", "topic": "structures-shielding", "year": 1998, "publishedAt": "1998-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Miller, J.", "Zeitlin, C.", "Heilbronn, L.", "Borak, T.", "Carter, T.", "Frankel, K. A.", "Fukumura, A.", "Murakami, T." ], "publisher": "Langley Research Center", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "This paper surveys some recent accelerator-based measurements of the nuclear fragmentation of high energy nuclei in shielding and tissue-equivalent materials. These data are needed to make accurate predictions of the radiation field produced at depth in spacecraft and planetary habitat shielding materials and in the human body by heavy charged particles in the galactic cosmic radiation. Projectile-target combinations include 1 GeV/nucleon 56Fe incident on aluminum and graphite and 600 MeV/nucleon 56Fe and 290 MeV/nucleon 12C on polyethylene. We present examples of the dependence of fragmentation on material type and thickness, of a comparison between data and a fragmentation model, and of multiple fragments produced along the beam axis.", "keywords": [ "NASA Discipline Radiation Health", "Non-NASA Center", "Heavy Ions", "Radiation Protection/instrumentation/statistics & numerical data", "Spacecraft/instrumentation", "Synchrotrons", "Cosmic Radiation", "Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S", "Models, Theoretical", "Support, Non-U.S. Gov't", "Comparative Study" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for ground-based heavy-ion experiments used to characterize shielding materials and secondary-particle effects under controlled beams.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "heavy-ion shielding experiments", "evidenceBoundary": "The source describes experimental context, but curation did not audit beam conditions, detectors, uncertainties, or translation to mixed deep-space fields. It is method context, not standalone habitat-shielding evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20040171414", "title": "Determine Important Nuclear Fragmentation Processes for Space Radiation Protection in Human Space Explorations", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20040171414", "recordFingerprint": "39c6bda48e35375059ca81957c94b7db75276930e105a6a3402223ecaa2bc332", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20040171414", "title": "Determine Important Nuclear Fragmentation Processes for Space Radiation Protection in Human Space Explorations", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20040171414", "topic": "radiation-environment", "year": 2004, "publishedAt": "2004-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Lin, Zi-Wei" ], "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Abstract", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "Space radiation from cosmic ray particles is one of the main challenges for long-term human space explorations such as a permanent moon base or a trip to Mars. Material shielding may provide significant radiation protection to astronauts, and models have been developed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of different shielding materials and to predict radiation environment inside the spacecraft. In this study we determine the nuclear fragmentation cross sections which will most affect the radiation risk behind typical radiation shielding materials. These cross sections thus need more theoretical studies and accurate experimental measurements in order for us to more precisely predict the radiation risk in human space explorations.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for nuclear-fragmentation processes used in charged-particle transport and shielding analysis, a methodological dependency in space-radiation prediction.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "nuclear fragmentation modeling", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS metadata and abstract identify the modeling problem, but this pass did not validate cross sections, code implementation, or experimental agreement. It is method context, not direct shielding-performance evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20050217110", "title": "Beamed Energy and Other Concepts for Aerospace Propulsion Applications", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20050217110", "recordFingerprint": "f1664311ce77a8f42fc0c13738d5d16dc1ec370efaa80253c91dbf51e81ba451", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20050217110", "title": "Beamed Energy and Other Concepts for Aerospace Propulsion Applications", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050217110", "topic": "propulsion", "year": 2005, "publishedAt": "2005-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Cole, John W." ], "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Other", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "Propulsion for aerospace applications is limited by two basic parameters: specific energy (MJ/kg) and specific power (KW/kg). Specific energy can perhaps be improved by increasing the energy content of propellants, increasing energy storage of other on-board devices, and by the use of intense off-board energy sources such as beamed energy. Several beamed energy concepts for space access have been investigated using Lasers and Microwave beams. Several preliminary concepts have been examined for high altitude platforms for commercial or military applications. Some of these results are described. Additionally, two concepts are briefly described for potentially improving on-board specific energy: Metallic Hydrogen and Magnetic Energy Storage.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for its comparison of specific energy and power across laser, microwave, and other beamed-energy aerospace concepts, including commercial and military dual-use applications.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "beamed-energy propulsion", "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and an abstract are open here; calculations and cited applications were not verified, and no offensive use is endorsed. It is dual-use technology context, not automatic GShips claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20100018415", "title": "The Next 25 Years of Deep Space Navigation", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20100018415", "recordFingerprint": "89ac992d3b6e5e4f7c326ee003149440e2d2e1d8e6a821ebaf9e92a867f84c67", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20100018415", "title": "The Next 25 Years of Deep Space Navigation", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20100018415", "topic": "communications-navigation", "year": 2008, "publishedAt": "2008-02-04T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Martin-Mur, Tomas J.", "Bhaskaran, Shyam", "Cesarone, Robert J.", "McElrath, Tim" ], "publisher": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "This slide presentation reviews the missions that will be flown into deep space in the next 25 years, the navigational challenges for these missions, and the strategies that will be used to overcome these challenges. The challenges include: (1) an incresed need for autonomous navigation, (2) an increased use of in-situ and optical navigation, (3) an increased use of low-thrust propulsion, (4) an increased need for higher accuracy in guidance, navigation, and control, and an increased need for integration between flight path and attitude control. The enabling strategies that are planned for use are: (1) Advance Radio-Metric Tracking Capabilities, (2) Expand the Use of Optical Navigation, (3) Develop General-Purpose Autonomous Navigation Capabilities, (4) Improve Frequency and Timing Systems, and (5) Develop In-situ Tracking Infrastructure. Future trends that are being developed are Optical and Autonomous Navigation", "keywords": [ "optical navigation", "autonomous navigation", "x-ray navigation", "radio-metric tracking", "deep space missions", "precision accelerometers", "in-situ tracking" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “The Next 25 Years of Deep Space Navigation” covers optical navigation, autonomous navigation, x-ray navigation, radio-metric tracking; it materially informs GShips work on autonomous deep space navigation.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "autonomous-deep-space-navigation", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides metadata and an abstract, not reviewed full text; methods, results, and current applicability remain unverified. Inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20150023587", "title": "Applying a Space-Based Security Recovery Scheme for Critical Homeland Security Cyberinfrastructure Utilizing the NASA Tracking and Data Relay (TDRS) Based Space Network", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20150023587", "recordFingerprint": "6490d8ce8a987a111b5d4efbd482eb229d13df7a0db3b28b2521a3b3a7e40f4a", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20150023587", "title": "Applying a Space-Based Security Recovery Scheme for Critical Homeland Security Cyberinfrastructure Utilizing the NASA Tracking and Data Relay (TDRS) Based Space Network", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20150023587", "topic": "cybersecurity", "year": 2015, "publishedAt": "2015-04-14T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Shaw, Harry C.", "McLaughlin, Brian ", "Stocklin, Frank", "Fortin, Andre", "Israel, David", "Dissanayake, Asoka", "Gilliand, Denise", "LaFontaine, Richard" ], "publisher": "Goddard Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Protection of the national infrastructure is a high priority for cybersecurity of the homeland. Critical infrastructure such as the national power grid, commercial financial networks, and communications networks have been successfully invaded and re-invaded from foreign and domestic attackers. The ability to re-establish authentication and confidentiality of the network participants via secure channels that have not been compromised would be an important countermeasure to compromise of our critical network infrastructure. This paper describes a concept of operations by which the NASA Tracking and Data Relay (TDRS) constellation of spacecraft in conjunction with the White Sands Complex (WSC) Ground Station host a security recovery system for re-establishing secure network communications in the event of a national or regional cyberattack. Users would perform security and network restoral functions via a Broadcast Satellite Service (BSS) from the TDRS constellation. The BSS enrollment only requires that each network location have a receive antenna and satellite receiver. This would be no more complex than setting up a DIRECTTV-like receiver at each network location with separate network connectivity. A GEO BSS would allow a mass re-enrollment of network nodes (up to nationwide) simultaneously depending upon downlink characteristics. This paper details the spectrum requirements, link budget, notional assets and communications requirements for the scheme. It describes the architecture of such a system and the manner in which it leverages off of the existing secure infrastructure which is already in place and managed by the NASAGSFC Space Network Project.", "keywords": [ "Cybersecurity", "Cyberattack", "TDRSS" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Applying a Space-Based Security Recovery Scheme for Critical Homeland Security Cyberinfrastructure Utilizing the NASA Tracking and Data Relay (TDRS) Based Space Network” covers Cybersecurity, Cyberattack, TDRSS; it materially informs GShips work on critical infrastructure recovery.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "critical-infrastructure-recovery", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this conference paper was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20250006056", "title": "ISMAC: Marshall Space Flight Center’s In-\u0002Space Manufacturing Advancement Center", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20250006056", "recordFingerprint": "d773ab4861952a07f7077ca835480d4d74349295e413a96674568b671d2c4ab1", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20250006056", "title": "ISMAC: Marshall Space Flight Center’s In-\u0002Space Manufacturing Advancement Center", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20250006056", "topic": "manufacturing-isru", "year": 2025, "publishedAt": "2025-07-22T05:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Benjamin L Rupp", "Mallory James", "Parker Shake", "Justin McElderry", "William Evans", "Andrew O'Connor", "Sydney Calhoun", "Ilana Lu" ], "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The In-Space Manufacturing Advancement Center (ISMAC) is NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Materials and Processes Laboratory’s one-stop shop for tackling the difficulties of manufacturing in space. The ISMAC mission is to facilitate in-space manufacturing development through shared resources, networking, and communication; and the vision is to overcome all barriers to development of in-space manufacturing. In this case, the definition of “in-space manufacturing\" is any manufacturing activities taking place above the Earth’s atmosphere. In the near term this includes Earth orbit manufacturing for use in Earth orbit as well as use on the Earth. This is expected to grow in the medium-term to include Lunar manufacturing and orbital manufacturing for Lunar use, as well as deep-space transit manufacturing for use on the way to Mars and other deep-space destinations. In the long-term, this is expected to include Martian manufacturing for Martian and deep space use, as well as begin to leverage resources found not just in planetary destinations, but also in trojan asteroids, “space junk”, and other atypical sources. 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