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Foundation records and outlines may not be represented as independently reviewed.", "reviewerSelection": [ "Publish the reviewer’s name, relevant credentials or lived expertise, review scope, compensation status, and declared conflicts with consent.", "Select for the actual claim domain rather than general prestige; include affected-community and disability-led expertise where rights or access are involved.", "Do not treat an employee, investor, customer, sponsor, source author, or directly supervised collaborator as independent for the affected claim." ], "reviewProcess": [ "Provide the exact claim, sources, locators, assumptions, counterevidence, transfer limits, and proposed evidence dimensions.", "Record approve, revise, contest, or reject at claim level; silence and event attendance never count as review.", "Publish material minority findings and the editor’s reasoned response.", "High-consequence medical, reproductive, nuclear, radiation, cybersecurity, governance, and dual-use claims require two qualified independent reviewers with complementary scopes.", "A reviewer may recuse at any time; unresolved conflicts or missing expertise block the reviewed label." ], "appealAndCorrection": [ "A correction receives a reference identifier and triage record; safety-critical allegations receive priority.", "A material editorial decision may be appealed to a reviewer not involved in the original decision once such a panel exists.", "Substantive reversals, unresolved disputes, and removed conclusions receive a dated public record that protects reporter privacy.", "No sponsor, customer, founder, or reviewer may purchase, suppress, or unilaterally assign an evidence grade." ], "publicationGate": "Public 1.0 requires named review coverage across every Academy track, documented high-consequence two-person review, a material-corrections log, reviewer conflict records, and an operating appeal path.", "correctionPath": "/corrections" } }, { "id": "policy-dual-use-001", "version": "0.1.0", "path": "/dual-use", "recordType": "governing-policy", "fingerprint": "81637e2849f9c0866d23f7174eb9a2ce522b86313167ebf5022fca122d6e506c", "snapshot": { "id": "policy-dual-use-001", "version": "0.1.0", "status": "planned-controls-not-yet-operational", "adoptedForFoundation": "2026-07-25", "title": "Civil, defensive, and rights-preserving use boundary", "summary": "GShips may research safety, resilience, logistics, communications, recovery, and cyber defense only within explicit end-use, rights, and independent-review controls. 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Therefore no relevant customer, defense, dual-use, or operational engagement is authorized by this policy.", "changeControl": "Material changes require a dated public rationale, independent review, and may not be approved by the founder alone.", "correctionPath": "/corrections" } } ], "reviewContract": { "questions": [ { "id": "question-1", "text": "Is each canonical record correctly identified, deduplicated, classified, dated, and scoped?", "required": true }, { "id": "question-2", "text": "Does the selection note explain relevance without automatically treating the resource as claim support?", "required": true }, { "id": "question-3", "text": "Are access, source class, version, retraction, rights, and transfer limits represented accurately?", "required": true } ], "exclusions": [ "Atlas inclusion is not endorsement and does not make a source evidence for a claim.", "Metadata review does not certify the full text, methods, data, or conclusions." ], "requestedScopeCodes": [ "information-science", "systems-engineering" ], "dispositions": [ "approve", "revise", "contest", "reject", "recuse" ], "prohibitedInputs": [ "private legal names or contact details", "identity documents or raw credential files", "accessibility or medical records", "confidential conflict evidence", "classified, export-controlled, proprietary, or exploit material" ], "freshness": { "maximumDecisionAgeFromFreezeDays": 365, "eventOccurrenceRule": "Not applicable to this packet family." }, "completionRule": "Every primary record must receive the required number of valid, current-fingerprint approvals; every complementary scope group and required domain must be covered; any unresolved revise, contest, or reject disposition blocks publication.", "highConsequenceRule": "Named medical, reproductive, nuclear, radiation, cybersecurity, governance, and dual-use conclusions require two distinct qualified independent humans covering complementary domain-method and rights/public-interest scopes." }, "primaryRecords": [ { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19840050758", "title": "Deep space communication - Past, present, and future", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19840050758", "recordFingerprint": "74e8dccacad12185f763657012a09f7f2bdcb8865d7355265ae5f00329240c42", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19840050758", "title": "Deep space communication - Past, present, and future", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19840050758", "topic": "communications-navigation", "year": 1984, "publishedAt": "1984-05-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Posner, E. C.", "Stevens, R." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "This paper reviews the progress made in deep space communication from its beginnings until now, describes the development and applications of NASA's Deep Space Network, and indicates directions for the future. Limiting factors in deep space communication are examined using the upcoming Voyager encounter with Uranus, centered on the downlink telemetry from spacecraft to earth, as an example. A link calculation for Voyager at Uranus over Australia is exhibited. Seven basic deep space communication functions are discussed, and technical aspects of spacecraft communication equipment, ground antennas, and ground electronics and processing are considered.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Deep space communication - Past, present, and future” covers This paper reviews the progress made in deep space communication from its beginnings until now, describes the development; it materially informs GShips work on deep space communications.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "deep-space-communications", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides metadata and an abstract, not reviewed full text; methods, results, and current applicability remain unverified. Inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19850021219", "title": "Controlled Ecological Life Support System. Life Support Systems in Space Travel", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19850021219", "recordFingerprint": "f501b1024dfc37b6faf271871d302d1c9aa257d48bed71ae67cc45f0d34f3675", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19850021219", "title": "Controlled Ecological Life Support System. Life Support Systems in Space Travel", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19850021219", "topic": "ecology-food", "year": 1985, "publishedAt": "1985-06-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Macelroy, R. D.", "Smernoff, D. T.", "Klein, H. P." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Conference Proceedings", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Life support systems in space travel, in closed ecological systems were studied. Topics discussed include: (1) problems of life support and the fundamental concepts of bioregeneration; (2) technology associated with physical/chemical regenerative life support; (3) projection of the break even points for various life support techniques; (4) problems of controlling a bioregenerative life support system; (5) data on the operation of an experimental algal/mouse life support system; (6) industrial concepts of bioregenerative life support; and (7) Japanese concepts of bioregenerative life support and associated biological experiments to be conducted in the space station.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1985 conference proceedings from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “Controlled Ecological Life Support System. Life Support Systems in Space Travel”; its abstract describes Life support systems in space travel, in closed ecological systems were studied. Topics discussed include: (1) problems of life support and the fundamental concepts of… This materially informs GShips closed ecology and food.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "closed ecology and food", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19890056342", "title": "Bio-regenerative life support", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19890056342", "recordFingerprint": "1bdad94db01ed7145e5a0ea90cd829504f18e736f0d7a125a7f4176b7ef8bac6", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19890056342", "title": "Bio-regenerative life support", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19890056342", "topic": "life-support", "year": 1989, "publishedAt": "1989-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Macelroy, Robert D.", "Wydeven, Theodore, Jr." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "The basis for and the potential uses of bio-regenerative life support are examined. Bio-regenerative life support systems are an alternative to physical-chemical regeneration techniques for use when resupply of a crew in space is expensive, or when the logistics of resupply are difficult. Many of the scientific studies required for bio-regenerative life support systems have been completed and preliminary development of some components will begin within the next 12 to 18 months. The focus of the work that lies ahead will be efficient power and mass use, long-term system stability, component function, systems integration, and extensive testing in the space environment. Because of the advantages of bio-regeneration, it is anticipated that human life support for long-term space missions will evolve to include increasingly large amounts of biologically-based regeneration.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1989 conference paper from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “Bio-regenerative life support”; its abstract describes The basis for and the potential uses of bio-regenerative life support are examined. Bio-regenerative life support systems are an alternative to physical-chemical… This materially informs GShips regenerative life support.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "regenerative life support", "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and abstract are open here; full-text methods and results were unavailable for this pass. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19930015743", "title": "Data availability and data archeology from the former Soviet Union", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19930015743", "recordFingerprint": "14df9e907d202f682e32a6f2f48666fa21b2b1c18182993f4325f811f7d9a602", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19930015743", "title": "Data availability and data archeology from the former Soviet Union", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930015743", "topic": "mission-architecture", "year": 1992, "publishedAt": "1992-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Sychev, Yuri", "Mikhailov, Nickolai N." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Acquisition of data on the ocean is believed to start in 1872, when the Royal Navy ship 'Challenger' performed oceanographic stations in its round-world voyage (1872-1876). The first oceanographic studies of the World Ocean refer to the 80s second half of the 19th century. During its round-world expedition 'Vityaz' (1886-1889) headed by S.O. Markov, performed hydrological measurements in the Baltic Sea, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. According to information available the regular expedition observations (prototype of future complex international program on the ocean research) started in the second half of 80s last century under the auspice of Kiev commission for exploration of German Seas. Systematic hydrological observations were organized by Hydrographic Department of Russia in 1876-1879 according to the program similar to the Kiev one and observations were regularly made by ships of custom service over the Russian area of the Baltic Sea. The increasing demands in oceanographic data contributed to considerable progress in exploration of the World Ocean during current century whole tendency to increase and become more significant has been observed for the last 30-40 years. Most probably various expeditions which were carried out during International Geophysical Year in different regions of the World Ocean are to be reference point in performing intensive oceanographic observations of Marine environment. In the former USSR oceanographic observations are made by research and hydrographic vessels, commercial and fishery ships as well as oil production platforms, coastal hydrometeorological station and other observing platforms. Oceanographic observations data, available from main sources of information on the ocean-research vessels, are also considered in the report.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated as Earthside data-archeology context for recovering, interpreting, and integrating long-lived ocean observations across institutions, formats, political transitions, and incomplete archives.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "knowledge preservation", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass reviewed only metadata and abstract and did not audit the recovered datasets. Cross-domain relevance is methodological context, not evidence for a GShips preservation claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19930033435", "title": "Controlled Ecological Life Support System - CELSS", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19930033435", "recordFingerprint": "ceab6ace41c821f322126b77adb63ca7af7ba3d45d3e97d69930ab6238db2e2e", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19930033435", "title": "Controlled Ecological Life Support System - CELSS", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930033435", "topic": "ecology-food", "year": 1992, "publishedAt": "1992-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Sager, John C." ], "publisher": "A. Deepak Publishing", "resourceType": "Conference Proceedings", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "The Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Program, a NASA effort to develop bioregenerative systems which provide required life support elements for crews on long duration space missions or extraterrestrial planetary colonizations, is briefly discussed. The CELSS analytical requirements are defined in relation to the life support objectives and priorities of a CELSS. The first phase of the CELSS Breadboard Concept is shown.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because it records NASA CELSS objectives and analytical requirements for bioregenerative crew support, useful as historical program context.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "bioregenerative-life-support", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides metadata and an abstract, not reviewed full text; methods, results, and current applicability remain unverified. Inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20000067640", "title": "Propulsion Options For Interstellar Exploration", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20000067640", "recordFingerprint": "ab3f75c1a01ca17b20aa3343e53cbeaa8583860bd3c768e2212fc78ccce8b21b", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20000067640", "title": "Propulsion Options For Interstellar Exploration", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000067640", "topic": "propulsion", "year": 2000, "publishedAt": "2000-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Johnson, Les", "Leifer, Stephanie" ], "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Abstract", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "NASA is considering missions to explore near-interstellar space (40 - 250 Astronomical Units) early in the next decade as the first step toward a vigorous interstellar exploration program. A key enabling technology for such an ambitious science and exploration effort is a propulsion system capable of providing fast trip times, yet which has low enough mass to allow for the use of inexpensive launch vehicles. Advanced propulsion technologies that might support the First interstellar precursor mission by the end of the first decade of the new millennium include solar sails and nuclear electric propulsion. Solar sails and electric propulsion are two technology areas that may hold promise for the next generation of interstellar precursor missions as well - perhaps a thousand astronomical units traveled in a professional lifetime. Future missions to far beyond the Heliosphere will require the development of propulsion technologies that are only at the conceptual stage today. For years, the scientific community has been interested in solar sail and electric propulsion technologies to support robotic exploration of the solar system. Progress in thin-film materials fabrication and handling, and advancement in technologies that may enable the deployment of large sails in space are only now maturing to the point where ambitious interstellar precursor missions using sails can be considered. Xenon ion propulsion is now being demonstrated for planetary exploration by the Deep Space 1 mission. The primary issues for the adaptation of electric propulsion to interstellar precursor applications include the development of low specific mass nuclear power systems, engine lifetime, and high power operation. Recent studies of interstellar precursor mission scenarios that use these propulsion systems will be described, and the range of application of each technology will be explored.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for propulsion options intended to reach roughly 40–250 AU, including solar sails and nuclear-electric systems under mass and launch-cost constraints.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "interstellar precursors", "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and an abstract are open here; dated schedules and performance estimates were not reproduced. It is precursor trade context, not proof of readiness." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20040089166", "title": "Engineering plants for spaceflight environments", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20040089166", "recordFingerprint": "9b9052b0f54aabf1ee2c03156f4c825efc750a8dd24aa168c5534e8f33b7eea4", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20040089166", "title": "Engineering plants for spaceflight environments", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20040089166", "topic": "reproduction-genetics", "year": 1999, "publishedAt": "1999-05-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Bugbee, B." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "The conversion efficiency of radiation into biomass and yield has steadily increased for centuries because of continued improvement in both plant genetics and environmental control. Considerable effort has gone into improving the environment for plant growth in space, but work has only begun to engineer plants for spaceflight. Genetic manipulation offers tremendous potential to improve our ability to study gravitational effects. Genetic manipulation will also be necessary to build an efficient regenerative life support system. We cannot fully characterize plant response to the spaceflight environment without understanding and manipulating their genetic composition. Identification and selection of the existing germplasm is the first step. There are thousands of cultivars of each of our major crop plants, each specifically adapted to a unique environment on our planet. Thousands of additional lines are held in national germplasm collections to maintain genetic diversity. Spaceflight imposes the need to tap this diversity. Existing lines need to be evaluated in the environment that is characteristic of closed-system spaceflight conditions. Many of the plant growth challenges we confront in space can be better solved through genetic change than by hardware engineering. Ten thousand years of plant breeding has demonstrated the value of matching genetics with the environment. For example, providing continuous light can increase plant growth in space, but this often induces calcium deficiencies because Ca is not supplied by guttation during a dark period. This deficiency cannot be eliminated through increased root-zone and foliar Ca applications. It can be solved, in wheat, through genetic selection of lines that do not have the deficiency. Subsequent comparison of lines with and without the Ca deficiency has also helped us understand the nature of the problem.", "keywords": [ "Non-NASA Center", "Review", "NASA Discipline Life Support Systems", "Review, Tutorial", "Plants/genetics/growth & development/metabolism", "Environment, Controlled", "Space Flight/instrumentation", "Weightlessness", "Triticum/genetics/growth & development/metabolism", "Plant Physiology", "Oryza sativa/genetics/growth & development/metabolism", "Ethylenes/metabolism", "Ecological Systems, Closed", "Light", "Genetic Engineering", "Life Support Systems/instrumentation" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for proposed genetic and physiological engineering of plants to improve food, atmosphere, waste-processing, and pharmaceutical roles in space habitats.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "engineered space crops", "evidenceBoundary": "This is proposal-level bioengineering context; performance, ecological stability, containment, ethics, and multigenerational consequences were not validated. It is high-consequence context, not a recommendation or evidence of safe engineered crops." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20040089380", "title": "Bioregenerative life support: not a picnic", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20040089380", "recordFingerprint": "18fe2face5bcf5a8bae39ab40dafa02dffc3a704ddaddd2fc6f8a8cab3c62469", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20040089380", "title": "Bioregenerative life support: not a picnic", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20040089380", "topic": "ecology-food", "year": 1998, "publishedAt": "1998-05-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Knott, W. M." ], "publisher": "Kennedy Space Center", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "If humans are to live permanently in space, regenerative life support systems are an enabling technology and must replace the picnic approach of taking all supplies required for each mission. These systems are classified by technologies as either physical/chemical or bioregenerative. Both of these system-types can recycle water, remove carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, and recover essential elements from waste products. Bioregenerative can also produce food, thus, making it essential if humans are to exist in space independent of earth. A solely bioregenerative life support system includes plants as a biomass production module and microbial organisms in bioreactors as a resource recovery module. In the Advanced Life Support Program, bioregenerative life support systems are being investigated through a research and technology development project which includes large scale testing as part of the Breadboard Project and human tests conducted in the soon to be constructed BioPlex facility. Research and technology development efforts are directed toward optimizing biomass productivity in controlled chambers by developing light weight, energy efficient, and automated systems; recycling liquid and solid wastes; baselining the operation of bioreactors; determining system microbial stability; assessing chemical contamination; and building models required for long term system operations. The program will include space flight studies in the near future to determine if these life support technologies will function in microgravity. When a bioregenerative system is finally incorporated into a mission, the conversion from a picnic and resupply mentality to permanent recycling and independence from earth will be complete.", "keywords": [ "NASA Center KSC", "NASA Discipline Life Support Systems", "Life Support Systems/instrumentation", "Waste Management/methods", "Weightlessness", "Ecological Systems, Closed", "Space Flight/instrumentation/trends", "Sodium Chloride/pharmacokinetics", "Biomass", "Human", "Water Purification", "Crops, Agricultural", "Evaluation Studies", "Hydroponics", "Environmental Microbiology", "Space Simulation", "Biofilms" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Bioregenerative life support: not a picnic” covers NASA Center KSC, NASA Discipline Life Support Systems, Life Support Systems/instrumentation, Waste Management/methods; it materially informs GShips work on bioregenerative life support.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "bioregenerative-life-support", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides metadata and an abstract, not reviewed full text; methods, results, and current applicability remain unverified. Inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20060043263", "title": "Navigator program: exploring new worlds", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20060043263", "recordFingerprint": "06d24a3c811d1f787661a9a1d6683c02e40d0fa058389754d6d24e1bea7a4451", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20060043263", "title": "Navigator program: exploring new worlds", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20060043263", "topic": "destinations-astrobiology", "year": 2006, "publishedAt": "2006-03-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Lawson, Peter R." ], "publisher": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "NASA's Navigator Program is a series of interrelated missions to explore and characterize new worlds. Each successive mission provides an essential step toward the ultimate goal of discovering habitable planets and life around nearby stars. Are there other solar systems like our own? Are there other habitable worlds? Is there life elsewhere in the universe? these questions are timeless, but only in this generation has technology progressed to the state where we can conceive of an build a suite of missions that capable of answering them. The Navigator Program and its missions are described in this paper.", "keywords": [ "astrobiology", "extrasolar planets", "astronomy" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Navigator program: exploring new worlds” covers astrobiology, extrasolar planets, astronomy; it materially informs GShips work on exoplanet observatories.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "exoplanet-observatories", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides metadata and an abstract, not reviewed full text; methods, results, and current applicability remain unverified. Inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20070001554", "title": "Structural and Radiation Shielding Properties of a Martian Habitat Material Synthesized From In-Situ Resources", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20070001554", "recordFingerprint": "68eedf0a63541be35de9f3499d5c93a8540edb05ad6788fa0857fb6f68cdf06c", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20070001554", "title": "Structural and Radiation Shielding Properties of a Martian Habitat Material Synthesized From In-Situ Resources", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20070001554", "topic": "structures-shielding", "year": 2006, "publishedAt": "2006-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Sen, S.", "Caranza, S.", "Bhattacharya, M.", "Makel, D. B." ], "publisher": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Abstract", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "The 2 primary requirements of a Martian habitat structure include sufficient structural integrity and effective radiation shielding. In addition, the capability to synthesize such building materials primarily from in-situ resources would significantly reduce the cost associated with transportation of such materials and structures from earth. To demonstrate the feasibility of such an approach we have fabricated samples in the laboratory using simulated in-situ resources, evaluated radiation shielding effectiveness using radiation transport codes and radiation test data, and conducted mechanical properties testing. In this paper we will present experimental results that demonstrate the synthesis of polyethylene from a simulated Martian atmosphere and the fabrication of a composite material using simulated Martian regolith with polyethylene as the binding material. Results from radiation transport calculations and data from laboratory radiation testing using a 500 MeV/nucleon Fe beam will be discussed. Mechanical properties of the proposed composite as a function of composition and processing parameters will also be presented.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for a Martian habitat concept combining structural and shielding functions with locally sourced material, relevant to low-logistics construction and repair.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "in-situ habitat materials", "evidenceBoundary": "Selection rests primarily on catalog metadata; full methods, material properties, pressure design, and environmental testing were not validated. It is precursor context, not evidence of buildable or safe habitat performance." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20160000442", "title": "The AgMIP Coordinated Global and Regional Assessments (CGRA) of Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20160000442", "recordFingerprint": "b567f463f1ad14934cbc80cfc61cc1145bc8d356b425f1cbb97e6ee229b26d8a", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20160000442", "title": "The AgMIP Coordinated Global and Regional Assessments (CGRA) of Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20160000442", "topic": "ecology-food", "year": 2015, "publishedAt": "2015-12-14T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Ruane, Alex", "Rosenzweig, Cynthia ", "Elliott, Joshua ", "Antle, John " ], "publisher": "Goddard Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Presentation", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) has been working since 2010 to construct a protocol-based framework enabling regional assessments (led by regional experts and modelers) that can provide consistent inputs to global economic and integrated assessment models. These global models can then relay important global-level information that drive regional decision-making and outcomes throughout an interconnected agricultural system. AgMIPs community of nearly 800 climate, crop, livestock, economics, and IT experts has improved the state-of-the-art through model intercomparisons, validation exercises, regional integrated assessments, and the launch of AgMIP programs on all six arable continents. AgMIP is now launching Coordinated Global and Regional Assessments (CGRA) of climate change impacts on agriculture and food security to link global and regional crop and economic models using a protocol-based framework. The CGRA protocols are being developed to utilize historical observations, climate projections, and RCPsSSPs from CMIP5 (and potentially CMIP6), and will examine stakeholder-driven agricultural development and adaptation scenarios to provide cutting-edge assessments of climate changes impact on agriculture and food security. These protocols will build on the foundation of established protocols from AgMIPs 30+ activities, and will emphasize the use of multiple models, scenarios, and scales to enable an accurate assessment of related uncertainties. The CGRA is also designed to provide the outputs necessary to feed into integrated assessment models (IAMs), nutrition and food security assessments, nitrogen and carbon cycle models, and additional impact-sector assessments (e.g., water resources, land-use, biomes, urban areas). This presentation will describe the current status of CGRA planning and initial prototype experiments to demonstrate key aspects of the protocols before wider implementation ahead of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.", "keywords": [ "models", "protocol (computers)", "agriculture", "climate change", "farm crops", "economics", "security" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “The AgMIP Coordinated Global and Regional Assessments (CGRA) of Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security” covers models, protocol (computers), agriculture, climate change; it materially informs GShips work on earthside food system resilience.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "earthside-food-system-resilience", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this presentation was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20160014658", "title": "Bringing Exoplanet Habitability Investigations to High School", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20160014658", "recordFingerprint": "6135bf0d10bb96ed27fa68688ce92fd6e8e9992da53b09b4be6af486881f4101", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20160014658", "title": "Bringing Exoplanet Habitability Investigations to High School", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20160014658", "topic": "destinations-astrobiology", "year": 2016, "publishedAt": "2016-12-12T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Woody, Mary Anne", "Sohl, Linda" ], "publisher": "Goddard Space Flight Center", "resourceType": "Presentation", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Habitability, a.k.a. habitat suitability, is a topic typically discussed in Biology class. We present here a curriculum unit that introduces the topic of global-scale planetary habitability in a Physics classroom, allowing students to emulate the process of doing cutting-edge science and re-framing an otherwise \"typical\" physics unit in a more engaging and interactive way.", "keywords": [ "termperature", "research practices", "habitability factors", "exoplanet", "habitability", "education" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Bringing Exoplanet Habitability Investigations to High School” covers termperature, research practices, habitability factors, exoplanet; it materially informs GShips work on astrobiology education.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "astrobiology-education", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this presentation was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20210001209", "title": "Semi-Autonomous Spacecraft On-Board Ephemeris Propagation", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20210001209", "recordFingerprint": "199bb0d29574e61fa4a02a8d482200a092593e3e658364e78c2891cced9e5c0c", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20210001209", "title": "Semi-Autonomous Spacecraft On-Board Ephemeris Propagation", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210001209", "topic": "ai-autonomy", "year": 1995, "publishedAt": "1995-08-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Kangas, J.", "Salama, A." ], "publisher": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "resourceType": "Other", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "Two strategies are presented for semi-autonomous on-board trajectory propagation. One implements a semi-analytic method and rectifies, when needed, a simple on-board (on-line) ephemeris. The method is called rectification in which only several parameters are uplinked to the spacecraft infrequently. The other strategy uses TOPEX/POSEIDON experience to build a data compression device for a wide range of orbits. A trade-off study is conducted to relate accuracy requirements with semi-major axis and eccentricity to minimize the frequency of uplinking.", "keywords": [ "spacecraft", "navigation", "ephemeris", "autonomous", "spacecraft", "orbit", "determination" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Semi-Autonomous Spacecraft On-Board Ephemeris Propagation” covers spacecraft, navigation, ephemeris, autonomous; it materially informs GShips work on autonomous navigation.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "autonomous-navigation", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides metadata and an abstract, not reviewed full text; methods, results, and current applicability remain unverified. Inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20220019245", "title": "Gecko Mobility Aids for a Common Habitat Architecture", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20220019245", "recordFingerprint": "751897a593a672f85da08492bdf33dc7b9068cff97d809cd2aa56be8fbf63cc6", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20220019245", "title": "Gecko Mobility Aids for a Common Habitat Architecture", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220019245", "topic": "human-factors", "year": 2023, "publishedAt": "2023-01-13T06:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Robert L. Howard, Jr.", "Stephen McNierney", "Cade Shuck", "Sebastian Boal", "Harry L. Litaker, Jr.", "Denys Bulikhov" ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Spacecraft large enough for crew to move around inside them have traditionally used handrails and foot restraints to enable crew mobility. The mass of this hardware can become significant in large spacecraft such as the Common Habitat. Additionally, handrails and foot restraints in a multi-gravity habitat are trip hazards when the habitat is in a gravity environment. Further, ISS crew have noted risks of breaking ankles and wrists when using handrails for translation and have noted places where not enough handrails are present. Robotic gecko-derived grippers developed by JPL to retrieve satellites can be adapted to crew-worn pads that can adhere to surfaces to enable crew translation in microgravity. This\ntechnology will help to eliminate the need for handrails and foot restraints for mobility in crewed microgravity spacecraft cabins. It has the potential to achieve significant mass reductions in future space habitats, with application to suborbital flight, LEO, cislunar space, interplanetary space, the Moon, and Mars. Additionally, it can prevent crew injury and discomfort. Project goals and objectives are to prepare gecko uniform prototypes for use in multi-gravity testing and conduct initial investigations into human factors of postures and motions needed for intravehicular activity (IVA) translation and restraint in multiple gravity environments, without the use of handrails or foot restraints. Gecko grippers have been tested for use as robotic end effectors terrestrially, on microgravity aircraft, and aboard the ISS.\nUsing the grippers as a body-mounted system to achieve IVA crew mobility is a new application that has not been pursued outside of this effort. This work will continue paper studies performed by NASA student interns by developing physical prototypes of spacecraft crew uniforms with gecko-derived body-mounted grippers. Clothing prototypes may include long sleeves, short sleeves, long pants, shorts, gloves, and/or booties equipped with gecko gripper pads. Forward work is to test these uniforms in a 1g environment to verify that the design does not introduce obstructions, trip hazards, or other consequences when used in terrestrial gravity. Based on the 1g test results, the uniform prototypes will be refined, and a test plan developed for testing at 0g, (1/6)g, and (3/8)g.", "keywords": [ "Restraints and Mobility Aids", "Gecko Gripper", "Common Habitat", "Microgravity", "Deep Space", "Human Spaceflight" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2023 conference paper from Johnson Space Center specifically covers “Gecko Mobility Aids for a Common Habitat Architecture”; its abstract describes Spacecraft large enough for crew to move around inside them have traditionally used handrails and foot restraints to enable crew mobility. The mass of this hardware can… This materially informs GShips human factors and habitability.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "human factors and habitability", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20230015089", "title": "NASA’s Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulator – How we study the effects of space radiation on Earth", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20230015089", "recordFingerprint": "f858f7e69a9e356b7a0ecf1dfa1325ecc8227bf65e7726eb86fc81f8d8a905ee", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20230015089", "title": "NASA’s Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulator – How we study the effects of space radiation on Earth", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230015089", "topic": "radiation-environment", "year": 2023, "publishedAt": "2023-10-30T04:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Lisa Simonsen", "Tony Slaba" ], "publisher": "Headquarters", "resourceType": "Other - Journal article", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Earth’s atmosphere and natural magnetic field do a good job protecting us from space radiation. Space radiation is different from radiation on Earth, which mostly comes from isotopes found in rock and soil or from medical procedures like an Xray. Ionizing space radiation comes from particles ejected from the Sun, or solar particle events, and from supernovae outside our solar \nsystem making up a background of galactic cosmic radiation. These particles, representing the elements of the periodic table, have been stripped of their electrons as they are accelerated in interstellar space to almost the speed of light. One of NASA’s biggest challenges is protecting astronauts from these high energy particles of galactic cosmic radiation which can cause cancer and other diseases. To understand the biological damage imparted to living systems and to develop protective countermeasures, NASA has built a galactic cosmic ray simulator on Earth.", "keywords": [ "Space Exploration Missions", "Galactic Cosmic Radiation" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory galactic-cosmic-ray simulator, including its mixed-ion exposure strategy and role in improving ground-based biological risk studies.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "galactic cosmic ray simulation", "evidenceBoundary": "The journal record is useful method context, but curation did not reproduce beam spectra, exposures, biological analyses, or extrapolation to missions. It is simulator context, not standalone human-risk evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20240014771", "title": "NASA HRP Space Radiation Element Initiatives", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20240014771", "recordFingerprint": "39f653e63453a8d1c797cbcd5a6851fdbb6c2086df5577f7adf4aa58c0132248", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20240014771", "title": "NASA HRP Space Radiation Element Initiatives", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20240014771", "topic": "radiation-environment", "year": 2024, "publishedAt": "2024-12-06T06:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Janapriya (JP) Saha", "Janice A Zawaski", "Jason M Weeks" ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Presentation", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The Space Radiation Element (SRE) with the Human Research Program (HRP) and NASA is tasked with the mission of characterizing and facilitating the management of the human health outcomes associated with space radiation exposure to ultimately protect astronaut health as well as enable human space exploration. To facilitate our mission, we provide funding for space radiation research but also provide several unique opportunities discussed below to educate and disseminate space radiation knowledge.", "keywords": [ "Space radiation" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for a current overview of NASA Human Research Program radiation initiatives, including risk characterization, countermeasures, enabling models, and operational integration.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "space radiation program", "evidenceBoundary": "Curation screened the NTRS metadata and abstract rather than independently auditing the underlying health studies or program outcomes. It is program context, not clinical or mission-safety claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "reviewed-source-src-c1517-nasa-commercial-crew", "title": "Commercial Crew Program Overview", "publicPath": "/atlas/reviewed-source-src-c1517-nasa-commercial-crew", "recordFingerprint": "276af2c9249c9404023be401f67ab1e8575dbe7557cb7db396cae2a1cb8e80fd", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "reviewed-source-src-c1517-nasa-commercial-crew", "title": "Commercial Crew Program Overview", "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/commercial-crew-program/commercial-crew-program-overview/", "topic": "reviewed-claim-source", "year": 2025, "authors": [ "National Aeronautics and Space Administration" ], "publisher": "NASA", "resourceType": "operational-program-overview", "access": "official or primary link", "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Operational and certification context for commercial human transportation to low Earth orbit and the ISS, including additional research time and broader discovery opportunities; it is not a causal study of reusability.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "evidenceBoundary": "This stable source is used by at least one editorially assessed claim. 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