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        "title": "The Exploration Ethic: Its Historical-Intellectual Basis. Outlook for Space (1980 - 2000)",
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        "abstract": "Space-settlement conceptual designs have previously been accomplished using \"Earth-normal\" physiological conditions. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the habitat weight and cost penalties associated with this conservative design approach. These penalties are identified by comparison of conservative Earth-normal designs with habitats designed to less than Earth-normal conditions. Physiological research areas are also recommended as a necessary prerequisite to realizing these potential weight and cost savings. Major habitat structural elements, that is, pressure shell and radiation shielding, for populations of 10<sup>2</sup>, 10<sup>4</sup>, and 10<sup>6</sup> , are evaluated for effects of atmospheric pressure, pseudo-gravity level, radiation shielding thickness, and habitat configuration. Results show that broader habitable g-ranges, reduced atmospheric pressure, and detached radiation shielding all have a significant effect in reducing habitat costs. Also, a minimum cost per person is discovered for a habitat with a population of about 10<sup>5</sup>, and this cost is independent of habitat configuration.",
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        "resourceType": "Conference Paper",
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        "abstract": "There is little doubt that humans will attempt to explore and develop the solar system in this century. A large amount of energy will be required for accomplishing this. The need for fusion propulsion is discussed. For a propulsion system, there are three important thermodynamical attributes: (1) The absolute amount of energy available, (2) the propellant exhaust velocity, and (3) the jet power per unit mass of the propulsion system (specific power). For human exploration and development of the solar system, propellant exhaust velocity in excess of 100 km/s and specific power in excess of 10 kW/kg are required. Chemical combustion can produce exhaust velocity up to about 5 km/s. Nuclear fission processes typically result in producing energy in the form of heat that needs to be manipulated at temperatures limited by materials to about 2,800 K. Using the energy to heat a hydrogen propellant increases the exhaust velocity by only a factor of about two. Alternatively the energy can be converted into electricity which is then used to accelerate particles to high exhaust velocity. The necessary power conversion and conditioning equipment, however, increases the mass of the propulsion system for the same jet power by more than two orders of magnitude over chemical system, thus greatly limits the thrust-to-weight ratio attainable. The principal advantage of the fission process is that its development is relatively mature and is available right now. If fusion can be developed, fusion appears to have the best of all worlds in terms of propulsion - it can provide the absolute amount, the propellant exhaust velocity, and the high specific jet power. An intermediate step towards pure fusion propulsion is a bimodal system in which a fission reactor is used to provide some of the energy to drive a fusion propulsion unit. The technical issues related to fusion for space propulsion are discussed. The technical priorities for developing and applying fusion for propulsion are somewhat different from those for terrestrial electrical power generation. Thus fusion schemes that are initially attractive for electrical power generation might not necessarily be attractive also for propulsion and vice versa, though the underlying fusion science and engineering enjoy much overlap. Parallel efforts to develop these qualitatively differently fusion schemes for the two applications could benefit greatly from each other due to the synergy in the underlying physics and engineering. Pulsed approaches to fusion have not been explored to the same degree as steady-state or long-pulse approaches to fusion in the fusion power research program. The concerns early on were several. One was that the pulsed power components might not have the service lifetimes meeting the requirements of a practical power generating plant. Another was that, for many pulsed fusion schemes, it was not clear whether the destruction of hardware per pulse could be minimized or eliminated or recycled to such an extent as to make economical electrical power generation feasible, Significant development of the underlying pulsed power component technologies have occurred in the last two decades because of defense and other energy requirements. The state of development of the pulsed power technologies are sufficiently advanced now to make it compelling to visit or re-visit pulsed fusion approaches for application to propulsion where the cost of energy is not so demanding a factor as in the case of terrestrial power application. For propulsion application, the overall mass of the fusion system is the critical factor. Producing fusion reactions require extreme states of matter. Conceptually, these extreme states of matter are more readily realizable in the pulsed states, at least within appropriate bounds, than in the steady states. Significant saving in system mass may result in such systems. Magnetic fields are effective in confining plasma energy, whereas inertial compression is an effective way of heating and containing the plasma. Intensive research in developing magnetic energy containment and inertial plasma compression are being pursued in distinctively different fusion experiments in the terrestrial fusion power program. Fusion schemes that attempt to combine the favorable attributes of these two aspects into one single integrated fusion scheme appear to have benefits that are worth exploring for propulsion application.",
        "keywords": [],
        "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context",
        "selectionNote": "Curated for its explicit propulsion-system attributes—available energy, exhaust velocity, and specific power—and the threshold assumptions used for interplanetary fusion arguments.",
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20040087778",
      "title": "Group dynamics and catecholamines during long-duration confinement in an isolated environment",
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        "id": "ntrs-20040087778",
        "title": "Group dynamics and catecholamines during long-duration confinement in an isolated environment",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20040087778",
        "topic": "human-factors",
        "year": 2003,
        "publishedAt": "2003-03-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Kraft, Norbert O.",
          "Lyons, Terence J.",
          "Binder, Heidi"
        ],
        "publisher": "Legacy CDMS",
        "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)",
        "access": "open metadata",
        "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: The objectives of this study were to investigate possible relationships between catecholamine excretion and long-duration confinement in an isolated environment. METHODS: Stays of long duration were made by Group I (n = 4, all Russian, weeks 1-34), Group II (n = 4, mixed nationality, weeks 3-18), and Group III (n = 4, mixed nationality, weeks 22-38); other groups joined the residents for 1-wk intervals at weeks #13, #19, and #33. Data were collected from Groups I and III. RESULTS: In both Group I and Group III, the daily epinephrine excretion was significantly elevated during and after confinement compared with the pre-isolation baseline (p < 0.05), but remained mostly within normal limits during the experiment. During isolation, epinephrine excretion was significantly higher, compared with other weeks in isolation, during weeks #19 and #27 for Group I, and during week #30 for Group III. In both Group I and Group II, norepinephrine excretion increased significantly during and after isolation (p < 0.05) and was above the normal range. The daily norepinephrine excretion was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in Group I during weeks #12, #13, and #27, and during week #30 for Group III. DISCUSSION: Epinephrine excretion generally remained in the normal range. However, occasional elevations occurred due to psychological stress, which apparently correlate with changes in group dynamics. Norepinephrine excretion was above the normal range and was correlated with social events. These results suggest that to ensure optimum crew performance, entire crews along with their visiting crews should be selected collectively, rather than individually.",
        "keywords": [
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20070023590",
      "title": "New Generation Power System for Space Applications",
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        "id": "ntrs-20070023590",
        "title": "New Generation Power System for Space Applications",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20070023590",
        "topic": "power-thermal",
        "year": 2004,
        "publishedAt": "2004-08-16T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Jones, Loren",
          "Carr, Greg",
          "Deligiannis, Frank",
          "Lam, Barbara",
          "Nelson, Ron",
          "Pantaleon, Jose",
          "Ruiz, Ian",
          "Treicler, John"
        ],
        "publisher": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory",
        "resourceType": "Preprint (Draft being sent to journal)",
        "access": "open metadata",
        "abstract": "The Deep Space Avionics (DSA) Project is developing a new generation of power system building blocks. Using application specific integrated  circuits (ASICs) and power switching modules a scalable power system  can be constructed for use on multiple deep space missions including  future missions to Mars, comets, Jupiter and its moons. The key developments of the DSA power system effort are five power ASICs and a mod ule for power switching. These components enable a modular and scalab le design approach, which can result in a wide variety of power syste m architectures to meet diverse mission requirements and environments . Each component is radiation hardened to one megarad) total dose. The power switching module can be used for power distribution to regular  spacecraft loads, to propulsion valves and actuation of pyrotechnic  devices. The number of switching elements per load, pyrotechnic firin gs and valve drivers can be scaled depending on mission needs. Teleme try data is available from the switch module via an I2C data bus. The DSA power system components enable power management and distribution  for a variety of power buses and power system architectures employing  different types of energy storage and power sources. This paper will  describe each power ASIC#s key performance characteristics as well a s recent prototype test results. The power switching module test results will be discussed and will demonstrate its versatility as a multip urpose switch. Finally, the combination of these components will illu strate some of the possible power system architectures achievable fro m small single string systems to large fully redundant systems.",
        "keywords": [
          "power switching",
          "Deep Space Avionics (DSA) Project",
          "application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)",
          "power systems"
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        "selectionNote": "Curated for modular and scalable deep-space power building blocks based on power ASICs and switching modules, including architecture flexibility and component-level integration.",
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20100033622",
      "title": "The Era of International Space Station Utilization Begins: Research Strategy, International Collaboration, and Realized Potential",
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        "id": "ntrs-20100033622",
        "title": "The Era of International Space Station Utilization Begins: Research Strategy, International Collaboration, and Realized Potential",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20100033622",
        "topic": "institutions-workforce",
        "year": 2010,
        "publishedAt": "2010-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Thumm, Tracy",
          "Robinson, Julie A.",
          "Ruttley, Tara",
          "Johnson-Green, Perry",
          "Karabadzhak, George",
          "Nakamura, Tai",
          "Sorokin, Igor V.",
          "Zell, Martin"
        ],
        "publisher": "Johnson Space Center",
        "resourceType": "Conference Paper",
        "access": "open full text",
        "abstract": "With the assembly of the International Space Station (ISS) nearing completion and the support of a full-time crew of six, a new era of utilization for research is beginning. For more than 15 years, the ISS international partnership has weathered financial, technical and political challenges proving that nations can work together to complete assembly of the largest space vehicle in history. And while the ISS partners can be proud of having completed one of the most ambitious engineering projects ever conceived, the challenge of successfully using the platform remains. During the ISS assembly phase, the potential benefits of space-based research and development were demonstrated; including the advancement of scientific knowledge based on experiments conducted in space, development and testing of new technologies, and derivation of Earth applications from new understanding. The configurability and human-tended capabilities of the ISS provide a unique platform. The international utilization strategy is based on research ranging from physical sciences, biology, medicine, psychology, to Earth observation, human exploration preparation and technology demonstration. The ability to complete follow-on investigations in a period of months allows researchers to make rapid advances based on new knowledge gained from ISS activities. During the utilization phase, the ISS partners are working together to track the objectives, accomplishments, and the applications of the new knowledge gained. This presentation will summarize the consolidated international results of these tracking activities and approaches. Areas of current research on ISS with strong international cooperation will be highlighted including cardiovascular studies, cell and plant biology studies, radiation, physics of matter, and advanced alloys. Scientific knowledge and new technologies derived from research on the ISS will be realized through improving quality of life on Earth and future spaceflight endeavours. Extension of the ISS through 2020 and beyond will insure that the benefits of research will be achievable for the International Partnership.",
        "keywords": [],
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        "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2010 conference paper from Johnson Space Center specifically covers “The Era of International Space Station Utilization Begins: Research Strategy, International Collaboration, and Realized Potential”; its abstract describes With the assembly of the International Space Station (ISS) nearing completion and the support of a full-time crew of six, a new era of utilization for research is… This materially informs GShips institutions and workforce.",
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        "curationTopic": "institutions and workforce",
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20160008216",
      "title": "Securing Ground Data System Applications for Space Operations",
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      "snapshot": {
        "id": "ntrs-20160008216",
        "title": "Securing Ground Data System Applications for Space Operations",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20160008216",
        "topic": "cybersecurity",
        "year": 2014,
        "publishedAt": "2014-05-05T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Pajevski, Michael J.",
          "Tso, Kam S.",
          "Johnson, Bryan"
        ],
        "publisher": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory",
        "resourceType": "Conference Paper",
        "access": "open metadata",
        "abstract": "The increasing prevalence and sophistication of cyber attacks has prompted the Multimission Ground Systems and Services (MGSS) Program Office at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to initiate the Common Access Manager (CAM) effort to protect software applications used in Ground Data Systems (GDSs) at JPL and other NASA Centers. The CAM software provides centralized services and software components used by GDS subsystems to meet access control requirements and ensure data integrity, confidentiality, and availability. In this paper we describe the CAM software; examples of its integration with spacecraft commanding software applications and an information management service; and measurements of its performance and reliability.",
        "keywords": [
          "Security",
          "Access Control"
        ],
        "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context",
        "selectionNote": "Curated because “Securing Ground Data System Applications for Space Operations” covers Security, Access Control; it materially informs GShips work on ground system access control.",
        "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25",
        "curationTopic": "ground-system-access-control",
        "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides metadata and an abstract, not reviewed full text; methods, results, and current applicability remain unverified. Inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence."
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    {
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20200001705",
      "title": "NASA's Behavioral Health and Performance Services for Long Duration Spaceflight Missions",
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      "snapshot": {
        "id": "ntrs-20200001705",
        "title": "NASA's Behavioral Health and Performance Services for Long Duration Spaceflight Missions",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20200001705",
        "topic": "health-medicine",
        "year": 2019,
        "publishedAt": "2019-10-11T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Beven, Gary E."
        ],
        "publisher": "Johnson Space Center",
        "resourceType": "Presentation",
        "access": "open full text",
        "abstract": "Goals of the presentation include: Understand how NASA selects astronauts optimally suited for long duration spaceflight missions (missions 30 days or longer). Understand the basics of space station development and long duration spaceflight history, as well as the behavioral challenges associated long duration spaceflight training and missions. Understand how NASA and its international partners (Russia, Europe, Japan, and Canada) provide behavioral health and performance services and countermeasures to astronauts and cosmonauts during long duration spaceflight missions on the International Space Station.",
        "keywords": [],
        "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context",
        "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2019 presentation from Johnson Space Center specifically covers “NASA's Behavioral Health and Performance Services for Long Duration Spaceflight Missions”; its abstract describes Goals of the presentation include: Understand how NASA selects astronauts optimally suited for long duration spaceflight missions (missions 30 days or longer). Understand… This materially informs GShips health and autonomous medicine.",
        "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25",
        "curationTopic": "health and autonomous medicine",
        "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim."
      }
    },
    {
      "recordType": "atlas-resource",
      "recordId": "ntrs-20200002230",
      "title": "NASA's Interests in Bioregenerative Life Support",
      "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20200002230",
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      "snapshot": {
        "id": "ntrs-20200002230",
        "title": "NASA's Interests in Bioregenerative Life Support",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20200002230",
        "topic": "ecology-food",
        "year": 2020,
        "publishedAt": "2020-03-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Wheeler, Raymond M."
        ],
        "publisher": "Kennedy Space Center",
        "resourceType": "Presentation",
        "access": "open full text",
        "abstract": "An overview of NASA's research in bioregenerative life support will be presented to a college class at the University of Guelph. The talk will review the use of plants for the production of food, oxygen and CO2 removal for life support systems for future space travel.\n\n\n\n\n",
        "keywords": [],
        "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context",
        "selectionNote": "Curated because it summarizes NASA research using plants for food, oxygen production, and carbon-dioxide removal in bioregenerative life support.",
        "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25",
        "curationTopic": "bioregenerative-life-support",
        "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this presentation was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence."
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    {
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20220012711",
      "title": "Planetary Surface Operations and Utilization: How ISS and Artemis Missions Can Be Used to Model Human Exploration of Mars",
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      "snapshot": {
        "id": "ntrs-20220012711",
        "title": "Planetary Surface Operations and Utilization: How ISS and Artemis Missions Can Be Used to Model Human Exploration of Mars",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220012711",
        "topic": "analogs-verification",
        "year": 2022,
        "publishedAt": "2022-09-18T05:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Stephen J. Hoffman",
          "Michelle A. Rucker",
          "Torin Mccoy"
        ],
        "publisher": "Johnson Space Center",
        "resourceType": "Conference Paper",
        "access": "open full text",
        "abstract": "As NASA moves forward with plans to send astronauts to the Moon under Artemis missions and prepare for human exploration of Mars, the Agency is developing a set of high-level objectives for human spaceflight, identifying 50 points falling into four overarching categories of exploration. An element in NASA’s overall process of achieving these objectives is to leverage its assets and missions – such as the many crew increments sent to the International Space Station and future Artemis expeditions sent to the Moon – to develop more robust spaceflight systems and build a culture of interplanetary human exploration. This paper describes several examples of how NASA is exercising a process to achieve these objectives for future human Mars surface missions; both (a) building on lessons learned from ISS missions and maturing plans for Artemis missions, and (b) using human Mars mission planning to inform the plans for future ISS and Artemis missions so that the knowledge gained will reduce uncertainty and risk for Mars. One focal point for this two-way interaction between ISS and Artemis with future human Mars missions is a document titled “Reference Surface Activities for Crewed Mars Mission Systems and Utilization” (HEOMD-415), which describes the systems and operations of the crew thought necessary for the first human Mars surface mission. The details described in this paper will address three specific aspects of HEOMD-415 that have been influenced by ISS and where HEOMD-415 is influencing plans in ISS, Artemis, research and technology development, and other related aspects: (1) crew (activity planning and medical), (2) Mars surface infrastructure, and (3) communication and navigation support. The paper will close by describing near-term opportunities for tests and analogs relevant to these aspects of HEOMD-415.",
        "keywords": [
          "Mars",
          "Human Spaceflight",
          "Analogs",
          "HEOMD-415"
        ],
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        "selectionNote": "Curated because “Planetary Surface Operations and Utilization: How ISS and Artemis Missions Can Be Used to Model Human Exploration of Mars” covers Mars, Human Spaceflight, Analogs, HEOMD-415; it materially informs GShips work on iss to mars precursors.",
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      }
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    {
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      "recordId": "ntrs-20230010670",
      "title": "Factories-in-Space for Servicing, Assembly, & Manufacturing",
      "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20230010670",
      "recordFingerprint": "bb38163e1c98c42bec55e6abddd1592f30087eb1ea39d89d6a23ecfa92c8bad8",
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      "snapshot": {
        "id": "ntrs-20230010670",
        "title": "Factories-in-Space for Servicing, Assembly, & Manufacturing",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230010670",
        "topic": "manufacturing-isru",
        "year": 2023,
        "publishedAt": "2023-09-09T04:00:00.0000000+00:00",
        "authors": [
          "Harsha Malshe",
          "Salil Bapat",
          "John Vickers",
          "Ajay Malshe"
        ],
        "publisher": "Elsevier",
        "resourceType": "Accepted Manuscript (Version with final changes)",
        "access": "open full text",
        "abstract": "Space 2.0 is a promising frontier for scientific exploration and the advancement of commerce, security, and technology. To effectively harness this potential, it is imperative to establish a multifunctional, resilient, and sustainable infrastructure that enables the maintenance and production of space-based systems. This capability is a driver for mission success on-orbit and for interplanetary travel to other celestial bodies. Central to this infrastructure is the establishment of orbital manufacturing facilities, referred to as 'factories-in-space' (FiS), which serve as critical nodes in the supply chain for the servicing, assembly, and production of systems essential for space-based operations. This paper presents a framework for understanding the key principles and design considerations underpinning FiS.",
        "keywords": [
          "Technology",
          "in-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing (ISAM)",
          "microgravity",
          "on-orbit servicing (OOS)",
          "in-situ resource utilization (ISRU)",
          "Space 2.0",
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