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Therefore no relevant customer, defense, dual-use, or operational engagement is authorized by this policy.", "changeControl": "Material changes require a dated public rationale, independent review, and may not be approved by the founder alone.", "correctionPath": "/corrections" } } ], "reviewContract": { "questions": [ { "id": "question-1", "text": "Is each canonical record correctly identified, deduplicated, classified, dated, and scoped?", "required": true }, { "id": "question-2", "text": "Does the selection note explain relevance without automatically treating the resource as claim support?", "required": true }, { "id": "question-3", "text": "Are access, source class, version, retraction, rights, and transfer limits represented accurately?", "required": true } ], "exclusions": [ "Atlas inclusion is not endorsement and does not make a source evidence for a claim.", "Metadata review does not certify the full text, methods, data, or conclusions." ], "requestedScopeCodes": [ "information-science", "systems-engineering" ], "dispositions": [ "approve", "revise", "contest", "reject", "recuse" ], "prohibitedInputs": [ "private legal names or contact details", "identity documents or raw credential files", "accessibility or medical records", "confidential conflict evidence", "classified, export-controlled, proprietary, or exploit material" ], "freshness": { "maximumDecisionAgeFromFreezeDays": 365, "eventOccurrenceRule": "Not applicable to this packet family." }, "completionRule": "Every primary record must receive the required number of valid, current-fingerprint approvals; every complementary scope group and required domain must be covered; any unresolved revise, contest, or reject disposition blocks publication.", "highConsequenceRule": "Named medical, reproductive, nuclear, radiation, cybersecurity, governance, and dual-use conclusions require two distinct qualified independent humans covering complementary domain-method and rights/public-interest scopes." }, "primaryRecords": [ { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "core-13-1", "title": "NASA Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking", "publicPath": "/atlas/core-13-1", "recordFingerprint": "c3f8e63eb2626701652b24ab392bc1b9ee29533251418aafb591967cea3eb248", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "core-13-1", "title": "NASA Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking", "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/communicating-with-missions/delay-disruption-tolerant-networking/", "topic": "communications-navigation", "year": null, "authors": [], "publisher": "Primary or institutional source", "resourceType": "Primary or institutional source", "access": "official link", "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "selectionNote": "Inspected as a core capability-area source. 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Inclusion supplies context; it is not automatically evidence for a provisional claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19650020875", "title": "Systems engineering in space exploration, seminar proceedings", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19650020875", "recordFingerprint": "d8e81a20f8cf85e45026031ae6e2c71fac8388c4647ec8e59dedf9313d22a1f2", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19650020875", "title": "Systems engineering in space exploration, seminar proceedings", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19650020875", "topic": "institutions-workforce", "year": 1965, "publishedAt": "1965-06-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Contractor Report (CR)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Seminar on systems engineering in space exploration", "keywords": [ "SYSTEMS ENGINEERING", "SPACE EXPLORATION" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1965 contractor report (cr) from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “Systems engineering in space exploration, seminar proceedings”; its abstract describes Seminar on systems engineering in space exploration This materially informs GShips institutions and workforce.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "institutions and workforce", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19850005573", "title": "Emerging Space Nuclear Power Needs", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19850005573", "recordFingerprint": "2e0b76919dba72346a724fc1e21f6febff788d342c238805e75577b909083a89", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19850005573", "title": "Emerging Space Nuclear Power Needs", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19850005573", "topic": "power-thermal", "year": 1984, "publishedAt": "1984-04-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Redd, F. J.", "Fornoles, E. V." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Growing interest in new classes of military and civil space systems which demand substantial increases in power over current satellites is generating a renewed interest in space qualified nuclear power systems. Indeed, one can say that power is a limiting technology to the achievement of many future goals in space. The speed of nuclear power system development is currently limited by the lack of a clear distinct definition of system requirements. Emerging system requirements are discussed for the following fields: robust surveillance systems, survivable communication systems with anti-jam capabilities, electric propulsion systems, and weapons applications.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated as historical requirements context showing how poorly defined civil and military power demands can constrain nuclear-system development and create dual-use pressures.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "space nuclear power and dual use", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass did not validate the 1984 requirements or endorse surveillance, anti-jam, military, or offensive applications. It is dual-use history, not design authority or claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19850021222", "title": "BLSS: A Contribution to Future Life Support", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19850021222", "recordFingerprint": "944925ef847b301e25cb08c2b22325a3f3d433804cb696e40e1bf342111b3687", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19850021222", "title": "BLSS: A Contribution to Future Life Support", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19850021222", "topic": "life-support", "year": 1985, "publishedAt": "1985-06-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Skoog, A. I." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The problem of the supply of basic life supporting ingredients was analyzed. Storage volume and launch weight of water, oxygen and food in a conventional nonregenerable life support system are directly proportional to the crew size and the length of the mission. Because of spacecraft payload limitations this requires that the carbon, or food, recycling loop, the third and final part in the life support system, be closed to further reduce logistics cost. Advanced life support systems need to be developed in which metabolic waste products are regenerated and food is produced. Biological life support systems (BLSS) satisfy the space station environmental control functions and close the food cycle. Numerous scientific space experiments were delineated, the results of which are applicable to the support of BLSS concepts. Requirements and concepts are defined and the feasibility of BLSS for space application are analyzed. The BLSS energy mass relation, and the possibilities to influence it to achieve advantages for the BLSS are determined. A program for the development of BLSS is proposed.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1985 conference paper from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “BLSS: A Contribution to Future Life Support”; its abstract describes The problem of the supply of basic life supporting ingredients was analyzed. Storage volume and launch weight of water, oxygen and food in a conventional nonregenerable… This materially informs GShips regenerative life support.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "regenerative life support", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19850021223", "title": "Advanced Regenerative Environmental Control and Life Support Systems: Air and Water Regeneration", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19850021223", "recordFingerprint": "f57884baa91d695c34952613d075d9998b26fe29e768b7f2c200d97f9c791ad8", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19850021223", "title": "Advanced Regenerative Environmental Control and Life Support Systems: Air and Water Regeneration", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19850021223", "topic": "life-support", "year": 1985, "publishedAt": "1985-06-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Schubert, F. H.", "Wynveen, R. A.", "Quattrone, P. D." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Extended manned space missions will require regenerative life support techniques. Past manned missions used nonregenerative expendables, except for a molecular sieve based carbon dioxide removal system aboard Skylab. The resupply penalties associated with expendables becomes prohibitive as crew size and mission duration increase. The Space Station scheduled to be operational in the 1990's is based on a crew of four to sixteen and a resupply period of 90 days or greater. It will be the first major spacecraft to employ regenerable techniques for life support. The techniques to be used in the requirements for the space station are addressed.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1985 conference paper from Legacy CDMS specifically covers “Advanced Regenerative Environmental Control and Life Support Systems: Air and Water Regeneration”; its abstract describes Extended manned space missions will require regenerative life support techniques. Past manned missions used nonregenerative expendables, except for a molecular sieve based… This materially informs GShips regenerative life support.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "regenerative life support", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-19940022857", "title": "Telepresence in the human exploration of Mars: Field studies in analog environments", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-19940022857", "recordFingerprint": "6be27854c8e9968392718113b4632f7a66090f89e223520d38d64f26892b4997", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-19940022857", "title": "Telepresence in the human exploration of Mars: Field studies in analog environments", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19940022857", "topic": "analogs-verification", "year": 1993, "publishedAt": "1993-12-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Stoker, Carol R." ], "publisher": "Legacy CDMS", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "This paper describes the role of telepresence in performing exploration of Mars. As part of an effort to develop telepresence to support Mars exploration, NASA is developing telepresence technology and using it to perform exploration in space analog environments. This paper describes experiments to demonstrate telepresence control of an underwater remotely operated vehicle (TROV) to perform scientific field work in isolated and hostile environments. Toward this end, we have developed a telepresence control system and interfaced it to an underwater remotely operated vehicle. This vehicle was used during 1992 to study aquatic ecosystems in Antarctica including a study of the physical and biological environment of permanently ice-covered lake. We also performed a preliminary analysis of the potential for using the TROV to study the benthic ecology under the sea ice in McMurdo sound. These expeditions are opening up new areas of research by using telepresence control of remote vehicles to explore isolated and extreme environments on Earth while also providing an impetus to develop technology which will play a major role in the human exploration of Mars. Antarctic field operations, in particular, provide an excellent analog experience for telepresence operation in space.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because it reports telepresence field studies in Mars analog environments, relevant to delayed remote operations and human–robot task allocation.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "human-analog-methods", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this conference paper was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20040201530", "title": "Assessment of Human Factors", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20040201530", "recordFingerprint": "eb03a3f33d08dd5c94ea1c914baad8b0565d58edb02ddc42ef4936270bffe8aa", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20040201530", "title": "Assessment of Human Factors", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20040201530", "topic": "human-factors", "year": 1999, "publishedAt": "1999-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Mount, Frances", "Foley, Tico" ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Other", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Human Factors Engineering, often referred to as Ergonomics, is a science that applies a detailed understanding of human characteristics, capabilities, and limitations to the design, evaluation, and operation of environments, tools, and systems for work and daily living. Human Factors is the investigation, design, and evaluation of equipment, techniques, procedures, facilities, and human interfaces, and encompasses all aspects of human activity from manual labor to mental processing and leisure time enjoyments. In spaceflight applications, human factors engineering seeks to: (1) ensure that a task can be accomplished, (2) maintain productivity during spaceflight, and (3) ensure the habitability of the pressurized living areas. DSO 904 served as a vehicle for the verification and elucidation of human factors principles and tools in the microgravity environment. Over six flights, twelve topics were investigated. This study documented the strengths and limitations of human operators in a complex, multifaceted, and unique environment. By focusing on the man-machine interface in space flight activities, it was determined which designs allow astronauts to be optimally productive during valuable and costly space flights. Among the most promising areas of inquiry were procedures, tools, habitat, environmental conditions, tasking, work load, flexibility, and individual control over work.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 1999 other from Johnson Space Center specifically covers “Assessment of Human Factors”; its abstract describes Human Factors Engineering, often referred to as Ergonomics, is a science that applies a detailed understanding of human characteristics, capabilities, and limitations to… This materially informs GShips human factors and habitability.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "human factors and habitability", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20060044167", "title": "Making space nuclear power a reality", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20060044167", "recordFingerprint": "a17fec4e046e75928e64cf049fbec28d39c3f50fcbc9895d289fdd2ebef64b4e", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20060044167", "title": "Making space nuclear power a reality", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20060044167", "topic": "power-thermal", "year": 2005, "publishedAt": "2005-01-30T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Cook, Beverly A." ], "publisher": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open metadata", "abstract": "Our current space exploration missions are power limited. Space nuclear reactors could provide the power for both onboard electrical power and propulsion to enable a new generation of space science and exploration. Implementing a mission using a space nuclear reactor presents many technical challenges. However, nuclear technologies are safely and reliably used throughout U.S. industries and the Government. Well-defined processes and regulations currently exist for the use of nuclear technologies in space or any other application. These processes and regulations assure safe, reliable use of nuclear technology in a manner that protects the public and the environment. The question is not one of choosing between safety and space science, but of investing in a technology that includes rigorous processes and procedures to assure safe.", "keywords": [ "nuclear", "power", "Prometheus", "radioisotope thermoelectric gene (RTG)" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated as historical civil-program context on the technical, regulatory, integration, and institutional challenges of using space nuclear reactors for power and propulsion.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "space nuclear power", "evidenceBoundary": "Only NTRS metadata and an abstract are available here; claims of mature processes, safety, and reliability were not audited and may be dated. It is high-consequence context, not approval or claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20140013435", "title": "Protecting and Expanding the Richness and Diversity of Life, An Ethic for Astrobiology Research and Space Exploration", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20140013435", "recordFingerprint": "ab745ff4b58a9ca7b7ecd57731131439110548cd4689fa8fb6a1c9241d4877f6", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20140013435", "title": "Protecting and Expanding the Richness and Diversity of Life, An Ethic for Astrobiology Research and Space Exploration", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20140013435", "topic": "governance-law", "year": 2011, "publishedAt": "2011-10-22T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Randolph, Richard O.", "McKay, Chris P." ], "publisher": "Ames Research Center", "resourceType": "Preprint (Draft being sent to journal)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The ongoing search for life on other worlds and the prospects of eventual human exploration of the Moon and Mars indicate the need for new ethical guidelines to direct our actions as we search and how we respond if we discover microbial life on other worlds. Here we review how life on other worlds presents a novel question in environmental ethics. We propose a principle of protecting and expanding the richness and diversity of life as the basis of an ethic for astrobiology research and space exploration. There are immediate implications for the operational policies governing how we conduct the search for life on Mars and how we plan for human exploration throughout the Solar System.", "keywords": [ "human exploration", "Mars", "Astrobiology" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2011 preprint (draft being sent to journal) from Ames Research Center specifically covers “Protecting and Expanding the Richness and Diversity of Life, An Ethic for Astrobiology Research and Space Exploration”; its abstract describes The ongoing search for life on other worlds and the prospects of eventual human exploration of the Moon and Mars indicate the need for new ethical guidelines to direct our… This materially informs GShips governance and law.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "governance and law", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20160007861", "title": "Biomolecular Analysis Capability for Cellular and Omics Research on the International Space Station", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20160007861", "recordFingerprint": "a00208d119409aa7863dd25143dd79b46246428a7c2193abc82a53f73e4d5028", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20160007861", "title": "Biomolecular Analysis Capability for Cellular and Omics Research on the International Space Station", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20160007861", "topic": "reproduction-genetics", "year": 2016, "publishedAt": "2016-10-26T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Guinart-Ramirez, Y.", "Cooley, V. M.", "Love, J. E." ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Abstract", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "International Space Station (ISS) assembly complete ushered a new era focused on utilization of this state-of-the-art orbiting laboratory to advance science and technology research in a wide array of disciplines, with benefits to Earth and space exploration. ISS enabling capability for research in cellular and molecular biology includes equipment for in situ, on-orbit analysis of biomolecules. Applications of this growing capability range from biomedicine and biotechnology to the emerging field of Omics. For example, Biomolecule Sequencer is a space-based miniature DNA sequencer that provides nucleotide sequence data for entire samples, which may be used for purposes such as microorganism identification and astrobiology. It complements the use of WetLab-2 SmartCycler\"TradeMark\", which extracts RNA and provides real-time quantitative gene expression data analysis from biospecimens sampled or cultured onboard the ISS, for downlink to ground investigators, with applications ranging from clinical tissue evaluation to multigenerational assessment of organismal alterations. And the Genes in Space-1 investigation, aimed at examining epigenetic changes, employs polymerase chain reaction to detect immune system alterations. In addition, an increasing assortment of tools to visualize the subcellular distribution of tagged macromolecules is becoming available onboard the ISS. For instance, the NASA LMM (Light Microscopy Module) is a flexible light microscopy imaging facility that enables imaging of physical and biological microscopic phenomena in microgravity. Another light microscopy system modified for use in space to image life sciences payloads is initially used by the Heart Cells investigation (\"Effects of Microgravity on Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes for Human Cardiovascular Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery\"). Also, the JAXA Microscope system can perform remotely controllable light, phase-contrast, and fluorescent observations. And upcoming confocal microscopy capability will allow for optical sectioning of biological tissues to determine microanatomical localization of biomarkers. Furthermore, NASA's geneLAB effort addresses integration of genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic datasets, by applying an innovative open source science platform for multi-investigator high throughput utilization of the ISS. In sum, the expanding ISS capability for analysis of biomolecules is enabling innovative research in a broad spectrum of areas such as cellular and molecular biology, biotechnology, tissue engineering, biomedicine, and Omics, providing manifold benefits for humanity.", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for biomolecular-analysis capabilities aboard the ISS, a precursor to autonomous diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and biological research without sample return.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "in-flight biomolecular analysis", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS metadata and abstract provide capability context; operational reliability, contamination control, and diagnostic performance were not independently validated. It is laboratory precursor context, not clinical evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20210010866", "title": "NASA Environmental Control and Life Support Technology Development for Exploration: 2020 to 2021 Overview", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20210010866", "recordFingerprint": "34ebdc0cf883cd9101fa84967cc5497119c92e61b8f6fd748ddebf73d69cbb02", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20210010866", "title": "NASA Environmental Control and Life Support Technology Development for Exploration: 2020 to 2021 Overview", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210010866", "topic": "life-support", "year": 2021, "publishedAt": "2021-07-15T05:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "James Lee Broyan, Jr", "Laura Shaw", "Melissa Mckinley", "Caitlin Meyer", "Michael K Ewert", "Walter F Schneider", "Marit Meyer", "Gary A Ruff" ], "publisher": "Johnson Space Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "This paper provides an overview of NASA supported activities developing Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLSS) technologies in the following capability areas: life support, environmental monitoring, fire safety, and logistics. NASA has been refining technology needs for deep space missions including Gateway, lunar surface, Mars transit, and Mars surface missions. Validating technologies in relevant environments, both in low earth orbit (LEO) and ground tests is critical in understanding technology performance and long duration performance. On-orbit and ground tests inform NASA’s technology decisions to fill exploration gaps. NASA has multiple technology projects across the technology readiness spectrum with potential to fill or partially fill exploration gaps. For each capability area, this paper will describe select capability gaps, NASA technology project maturation over the past year, and how key performance parameters (KPPs) are being used to measure the degree of capability gap closure. KPPs are evolving but they still provide a useful measure in communicating progress and identifying development needs to fill exploration gaps. The intent is to provide a very high-level overview describing the strategic approach to gap closure and provide references to additional technical details, progress, and KPPs.", "keywords": [ "Life Support", "Environmental Monitoring", "Fire Safety", "Logistics", "Waste Management", "Aerospace" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2021 conference paper from Johnson Space Center specifically covers “NASA Environmental Control and Life Support Technology Development for Exploration: 2020 to 2021 Overview”; its abstract describes This paper provides an overview of NASA supported activities developing Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLSS) technologies in the following capability areas: life… This materially informs GShips regenerative life support.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "regenerative life support", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20210022743", "title": "Intergenerational Inequities in Exposure to Climate Extremes: Young Generations Are Severely Threatened By Climate Change", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20210022743", "recordFingerprint": "5c3c386d7e41ddbc726adb77cb2f1182323e42ce667a86c6f864a6ac932db0d3", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20210022743", "title": "Intergenerational Inequities in Exposure to Climate Extremes: Young Generations Are Severely Threatened By Climate Change", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210022743", "topic": "ethics-alternatives", "year": 2021, "publishedAt": "2021-09-26T04:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Wim Thiery", "Stefan Lange", "Joeri Rogelj", "Carl-Friedrich Schleussner", "Lukas Gudmundsson", "Sonia I Seneviratne", "Marina Andrijevic", "Katja Frieler" ], "publisher": "American Association For The Advancement of Science", "resourceType": "Reprint (Version printed in journal)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Under continued global warming, extreme events such as heat waves will continue to rise in frequency, intensity, duration, and spatial extent over the next decades. Younger generations are therefore expected to face more such events across their lifetimes compared with older generations. This raises important issues of solidarity and fairness across generations that have fueled a surge of climate protests led by young people in recent years and that underpin issues of intergenerational equity raised in recent climate litigation. However, the standard scientific paradigm is to assess climate change in discrete time windows or at discrete levels of warming, a “period” approach that inhibits quantification of how much more extreme events a particular generation will experience over its lifetime compared with another. By developing a “cohort” perspective to quantify changes in lifetime exposure to climate extremes and compare across generations (see the first figure), we estimate that children born in 2020 will experience a two- to sevenfold increase in extreme events, particularly heat waves, compared with people born in 1960, under current climate policy pledges. Our results highlight a severe threat to the safety of young generations and call for drastic emission reductions to safeguard their future.\n\nMeteorological extremes, hazards, or climate change impacts are mostly studied as they evolve over time under varying emission scenarios and socioeconomic pathways. For example, applying a heat wave indicator (see table S1) to four bias-adjusted global climate models indicates that the land area annually affected by such heat waves will increase from ~15% around 2020 to ~22% by 2100 under a scenario compatible with limiting global warming to 1.5°C, and to ~46% under a scenario in line with current emission reduction pledges (see the first figure). Recent studies extended this approach, studying aspects of climate change as a function of global mean temperature (GMT) increments, highlighting the scenario-independence of several extreme event indicators but remaining, in essence, a comparison of time windows.\n\nBy contrast, we performed a birth cohort analysis by combining a collection of multimodel extreme event projections with country-scale life expectancy information, gridded population data, and future global temperature trajectories from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (see supplementary materials). By integrating the exposure of an average person in a country or region to extreme events across their lifetime, we encapsulate spatiotemporal changes in climate hazards, population density, cohort size, and life expectancy (see the first figure).", "keywords": [ "global warming", "extreme events", "climate extremes", "generations", "lifetime exposure", "heat waves" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2021 reprint (version printed in journal) from American Association For The Advancement of Science specifically covers “Intergenerational Inequities in Exposure to Climate Extremes: Young Generations Are Severely Threatened By Climate Change”; its abstract describes Under continued global warming, extreme events such as heat waves will continue to rise in frequency, intensity, duration, and spatial extent over the next decades. Younger… This materially informs GShips ethics and alternatives.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "ethics and alternatives", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20220000484", "title": "INCREASING THE TRANSPARENCY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF SPACE RADIATION SCIENCE: THE RADIATION BIOLOGY ONTOLOGY", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20220000484", "recordFingerprint": "a691d7ee5acc18a78bd345701492921867b22179254288fa819e0d8327af659f", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20220000484", "title": "INCREASING THE TRANSPARENCY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF SPACE RADIATION SCIENCE: THE RADIATION BIOLOGY ONTOLOGY", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220000484", "topic": "radiation-environment", "year": 2022, "publishedAt": "2022-02-07T08:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "D C Berrios", "J Miller", "P N Schofield", "L T Slater", "S V Costes" ], "publisher": "Ames Research Center", "resourceType": "Poster", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "Among the primary objectives of the Open/Open-Source Science paradigm are making scientific investigation data transparent and results reproducible [1], objectives shared by the FAIR principles [2]. To accomplish this, the conceptual framework that includes all the investigation objects needs to be accurately captured and communicated to all data consumers. A large part of this requires using metadata standards to annotate data collected. These standards should be readily accessible, informed by scientific community consensus and sufficiently specific to encompass all of the important aspects of the investigation. Starting in 2020 we have been co-leading an open consortium to develop a new metadata standard, the Radiation Biology Ontology (RBO), through the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry [3]. We began by transforming many of the terms from the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement into concepts that can be formally related to existing OBO Foundry classes or attributes. We then identified and imported into the RBO existing OBO Foundry classes that have obvious relevance for radiation biomedicine (for example, concepts from the Environment Ontology that describe radiative processes, and concepts from the Gene Ontology dealing with molecular and cellular responses to radiation). Finally, we scrutinized datasets from investigations of radiation effects held in NASA GeneLab and LSDA repositories and added additional classes, instances, and attributes into the RBO that should be used to annotate these data. We developed the RBO using the open-source tools of GitHub and publish the RBO periodically through the NIH/NCBI BioPortal website, so systems worldwide can leverage the knowledge it contains [4]. This initial phase of concept modeling has yielded an RBO that at present has more than 300 declared concepts, with more than 3500 additional concepts imported from other OBO Foundry ontologies. While this first phase has focused on concepts for annotating samples, environments, exposures, and measurements, the next phase will center on supporting annotation of results and findings, such as concept models of molecular, cellular and tissue effects. The value of the RBO will be determined in part by our ability to engage the community in its development, and we have established a Radiobiology Informatics Consortium with unrestricted membership as the owner of the RBO in order to encourage investigators, system owners and other to join in this effort. Anyone can report issues or request new concept modeling or other features directly on GitHub. By using the BioPortal application programming interface, systems can pose dynamic queries to the latest version of the RBO for information on individual classes or entire hierarchies; this design eliminates the need for systems to be updated in order to use newer versions of the RBO. We hope to contribute to the advancement of open radiobiological science through the continued, open development of the RBO, that will provide more precise, machine-interpretable descriptions of investigations, as well as support data meta-analysis through machine learning or other artificial intelligence methods.", "keywords": [ "knowledge", "data", "open-source", "radiation", "biology" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated for an ontology that structures radiation-biology experiments, exposures, specimens, and outcomes to support interoperable evidence and knowledge graphs.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "radiation biology ontology", "evidenceBoundary": "The NTRS record documents the ontology effort, but this pass did not audit coverage, mappings, adoption, or semantic correctness. It is evidence-infrastructure context, not proof of biological conclusions." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20230001260", "title": "Hardware Autonomy for Space Infrastructure", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20230001260", "recordFingerprint": "ca045797dedb68cff51fa1f4aef98a92841f16af3b456eb35a0af7e74ee1eb82", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20230001260", "title": "Hardware Autonomy for Space Infrastructure", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230001260", "topic": "assembly-logistics", "year": 2023, "publishedAt": "2023-03-04T08:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Greenfield Trinh", "Olivia Formoso", "Christine Gregg", "Damiana Catanoso", "Taiwo Olatunde", "Elizabeth Taylor", "Kenneth Cheung" ], "publisher": "Ames Research Center", "resourceType": "Conference Paper", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "NASA prioritizes autonomous systems development with the expectation that it will continue to drive significant improvements in human and science exploration capability. Crew operations benefit from a spectrum of machine assistance to complete replacement of dangerous or highly repetitive tasks. Many science operations have a teleoperation component, and similarly benefit from a range of autonomy implementations that make long distance applications feasible. As we consider longer duration deep space missions, we also consider higher levels of autonomy in order meet emergent safety, maintenance, and logistics needs. One of the challenges within this scope is installation and maintenance of infrastructure, such as large scale instrumentation and communications equipment, crew habitats, and operational facilities. \n\nWe describe how a programmable meta-material architecture may shift the paradigm of how we design, build, and operate future space infrastructure and assets. A primary objective of this strategy is to free the design space from launch vehicle constraints and fundamentally shift how a mission is designed and conducted. This integrates advances in materials (mechanical meta-materials), manufacturing (cooperative mobile robotics), and autonomy (multi-agent planning algorithms). Engineering systems that utilize a modular and reconfiguration building block approach, such as digital communication and computation systems, currently lead in terms of size and complexity scalability. NASA is extending the benefits and flexibility of digital systems to hardware systems, to optimize materials life-cycle management and expand our space exploration mission capabilities to meet long duration and deep space infrastructure needs, in accordance with long term NASA goals of \"in-space reliance\" and \"mass-less exploration.\" ", "keywords": [ "In space assembly", "Autonomy" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Hardware Autonomy for Space Infrastructure” covers In space assembly, Autonomy; it materially informs GShips work on hardware autonomy.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "hardware-autonomy", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this conference paper was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20250001787", "title": "Increasing Fidelity in Lunar and Martian Analogs for Behavioral Health and Performance Research ", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20250001787", "recordFingerprint": "80e0f0eaf8766d5c61d66f35e4036e3d4af160033735be5f7ba8001c45528141", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20250001787", "title": "Increasing Fidelity in Lunar and Martian Analogs for Behavioral Health and Performance Research ", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20250001787", "topic": "human-factors", "year": 2024, "publishedAt": "2024-12-13T06:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "Katherine M Rahill", "Ajitkumar P Mulavara", "Brian F Gore", "Alexandra M Whitmire" ], "publisher": "Frontiers Media", "resourceType": "Accepted Manuscript (Version with final changes)", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "As the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), international space agencies, and commercial spaceflight programs set their sights on missions to the Moon and Mars, understanding the impact of spaceflight on astronauts’ health and performance becomes increasingly important. High-fidelity ground-based and space-based simulations of hazards induced by these missions can be used to conduct research that will help mitigate potential adverse outcomes in behavioral health and performance. In this review, current classifications of NASA’s research analogs are discussed, along with their strengths and limitations for effectively assessing risk to Moon- and Mars-bound astronauts’ behavioral health and performance. Recommendations are proposed for future consideration when designing high-fidelity analogs of spaceflight, which emphasize the importance of standardizing protocols, maintaining safety, and addressing ethical standards for future research and for developing analogs of mission-specific habitats.", "keywords": [ "behavioral health and performance", "analog research fidelity", "analog research environments", "human space exploration" ], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because this 2024 accepted manuscript (version with final changes) from Frontiers Media specifically covers “Increasing Fidelity in Lunar and Martian Analogs for Behavioral Health and Performance Research”; its abstract describes As the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), international space agencies, and commercial spaceflight programs set their sights on missions to the Moon and… This materially informs GShips human factors and habitability.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "human factors and habitability", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS lists open full text, but this pass assessed catalog metadata and abstract rather than independently validating the document. Inclusion is contextual discovery support, not automatic evidence for a GShips claim." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "ntrs-20260002715", "title": "Earth, With a Twist: How Orbital Parameters Affect the Photochemistry and Climate of Earth-like Exoplanet Atmospheres with ROCKE-3D", "publicPath": "/atlas/ntrs-20260002715", "recordFingerprint": "3d8ba1094fc34347741ae0a073c5c76131aba008bbbb80f93b0b48677da41584", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "ntrs-20260002715", "title": "Earth, With a Twist: How Orbital Parameters Affect the Photochemistry and Climate of Earth-like Exoplanet Atmospheres with ROCKE-3D", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20260002715", "topic": "destinations-astrobiology", "year": 2026, "publishedAt": "2026-05-18T07:00:00.0000000+00:00", "authors": [ "C E Harman", "Kostas Tsigaridis" ], "publisher": "Ames Research Center", "resourceType": "Abstract", "access": "open full text", "abstract": "The interpretation of future observations of habitable exoplanets will depend critically on our understanding of how spectrally active gases are generated, maintained, and destroyed by photochemical reactions, transported throughout the atmosphere, and ultimately expressed in the disk-integrated spectrum. However, exoplanets are expected to have orbital parameters that differ from those of modern Earth, which will drive changes in both chemistry and climate. Studies of the impact on and by photochemistry with 3D models have begun exploring this parameter space (e.g., Chen et al., 2019; Braam et al., 2025), demonstrating that changes in orbital parameters and bulk atmospheric composition of essentially Earth-twin exoplanets could affect the abundances, distributions, and detectability of key biosignature gases like ozone (O3) and methane (CH4). ", "keywords": [], "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Curated because “Earth, With a Twist: How Orbital Parameters Affect the Photochemistry and Climate of Earth-like Exoplanet Atmospheres with ROCKE-3D” covers The interpretation of future observations of habitable exoplanets will depend critically on our understanding of how spectrally active; it materially informs GShips work on planetary habitability modeling.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "curationTopic": "planetary-habitability-modeling", "evidenceBoundary": "NTRS provides open full text, but this abstract was screened for curation rather than independently or domain reviewed; inclusion is contextual, not automatic claim evidence." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "reviewed-source-src-cr-nist-controls-80053r5", "title": "Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations", "publicPath": "/atlas/reviewed-source-src-cr-nist-controls-80053r5", "recordFingerprint": "abdc6decd4682d885dbc566be0decaa11b99b353dd06cb35a7752cd1664f81cf", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "reviewed-source-src-cr-nist-controls-80053r5", "title": "Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-53r5", "topic": "reviewed-claim-source", "year": 2020, "authors": [ "Joint Task Force" ], "publisher": "NIST", "resourceType": "government-security-privacy-control-catalog", "access": "official or primary link", "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Control families spanning access, audit, contingency, identity, incident response, privacy, supply chain, communications, and system integrity; a catalog to tailor, not a certified architecture.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "evidenceBoundary": "This stable source is used by at least one editorially assessed claim. Its claim-specific relation and locator—not Atlas inclusion—define the evidence use; independent domain review remains pending." } }, { "recordType": "atlas-resource", "recordId": "reviewed-source-src-cr-nist-firmware-800193", "title": "Platform Firmware Resiliency Guidelines", "publicPath": "/atlas/reviewed-source-src-cr-nist-firmware-800193", "recordFingerprint": "0cdbf99a1c9f259941f026ce37930313ee93e607eb8f30c6910eaaeffdb9056f", "reviewRequirements": { "minimumIndependentApprovals": 1, "highConsequenceDomains": [], "requiredDomainCodes": [], "requiredComplementaryScopeGroups": [ { "id": "bounded-competence", "scopeClass": "bounded-competence", "oneOf": [ "information-science" ] } ], "unresolvedNegativeFindingBlocksPublication": true }, "referenceIds": [], "snapshot": { "id": "reviewed-source-src-cr-nist-firmware-800193", "title": "Platform Firmware Resiliency Guidelines", "url": "https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-193", "topic": "reviewed-claim-source", "year": 2018, "authors": [ "Andrew Regenscheid" ], "publisher": "NIST", "resourceType": "government-platform-resilience-guidance", "access": "official or primary link", "sourceClass": "editor-selected-context", "selectionNote": "Roots of trust and mechanisms to protect, detect, and recover platform firmware and critical data after destructive attacks.", "verifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "evidenceBoundary": "This stable source is used by at least one editorially assessed claim. 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